PERCEPTION ET REPRESENTATION DU MOUVEMENT : INFLUENCES DE LA VERBALISATION SUR LA RECONNAISSANCE DE MOUVEMENTS D’ESCRIME EN FONCTION DE L’EXPERTISE

Abstract- Is it necessary to verbalize in order to memorize and learn a material? According to the literature examining the influence of verbalizations on learning and memory, the answer to this question depends on the type of material used (conceptual material versus perceptive material) and on the learners’ level of expertise. In Study 1, we examined the influence of verbal descriptions on the visual recognition of sequences of fencing movements, with participants of the three levels of expertise (novices, intermediates, experts). In Study 2, we studied the influence of different content of verbal descriptions on the recognition of sequences of fencing movements, according to the level of expertise. The goal of Study 3 was to examine the effect on memory of a trace distinct from a verbal trace: a motor trace. The findings of Study 1 show that verbalizing improves novices’ recognition, impairs intermediates’ recognition and has no effect on experts’ recognition. The results of Study 2 show that the content of verbal descriptions has an effect on memory, according to the participants’ level of expertise. The findings of Study 3 show that duplicating the fencing movement, with no feedback, strongly impedes beginners’ visual recognition. These findings broaden the verbal overshadowing phenomena to a material distinctly more conceptual than the one classically used in this field of research. They bring strong support to the theoretical hypothesis of interference resulting from a verbal recoding (Schooler, 1990). They also show that an additional motor trace can harm visual recognition of movement sequences.Faut-il verbaliser pour mémoriser et apprendre ? D’après la littérature examinant l’influence des verbalisations sur l’apprentissage et la mémoire, la réponse à cette question dépend du type de matériel utilisé (matériel conceptuel versus matériel perceptif) et du niveau d’expertise des apprenants. Dans l’Étude 1, nous avons examiné l’incidence de descriptions verbales sur la reconnaissance visuelle de séquences de mouvements d’escrime, avec des participants de trois niveaux d’expertise (novices, intermédiaires et experts). Dans l’Étude 2, nous avons étudié l’influence de différents contenus de descriptions verbales sur la reconnaissance de séquences de mouvements d’escrime, en fonction de l’expertise. L’objectif de l’Étude 3 était d’examiner l’effet sur la mémoire d’une trace autre que verbale : une trace motrice. Les résultats de l’Étude 1 montrent que verbaliser améliore la reconnaissance des novices, altère celle des intermédiaires et n’a aucun effet sur la reconnaissance des experts. Les résultats de l’Étude 2 montrent que le contenu des descriptions verbales a une incidence sur la mémoire, en fonction du niveau d’expertise des participants. Les résultats de l’étude 3 montrent que reproduire le mouvement d’escrime, sans feedback, nuit à la reconnaissance visuelle des participants novices. Ces résultats élargissent le phénomène d’ombrage verbal à un matériel nettement plus conceptuel que celui qui est classiquement utilisé dans ce domaine de recherche. Ils apportent un étayage solide à la proposition théorique de l’interférence résultant d’un recodage verbal (Schooler, 1990). Ils montrent également qu’une trace motrice additionnelle peut nuire à la reconnaissance visuelle de séquences de mouvements

Perception and representation of movement : the influence of verbalization on the recognition of fencing moves according to skill level

Faut-il verbaliser pour mémoriser et apprendre ? D’après la littérature examinant l’influence des verbalisations sur l’apprentissage et la mémoire, la réponse à cette question dépend du type de matériel utilisé (matériel conceptuel versus matériel perceptif) et du niveau d’expertise des apprenants. Dans l’Étude 1, nous avons examiné l’incidence de descriptions verbales sur la reconnaissance visuelle de séquences de mouvements d’escrime, avec des participants de trois niveaux d’expertise (novices, intermédiaires et experts). Dans l’Étude 2, nous avons étudié l’influence de différents contenus de descriptions verbales sur la reconnaissance de séquences de mouvements d’escrime, en fonction de l’expertise. L’objectif de l’Étude 3 était d’examiner l’effet sur la mémoire d’une trace autre que verbale : une trace motrice. Les résultats de l’Étude 1 montrent que verbaliser améliore la reconnaissance des novices, altère celle des intermédiaires et n’a aucun effet sur la reconnaissance des experts. Les résultats de l’Étude 2 montrent que le contenu des descriptions verbales a une incidence sur la mémoire, en fonction du niveau d’expertise des participants. Les résultats de l’étude 3 montrent que reproduire le mouvement d’escrime, sans feedback, nuit à la reconnaissance visuelle des participants novices. Ces résultats élargissent le phénomène d’ombrage verbal à un matériel nettement plus conceptuel que celui qui est classiquement utilisé dans ce domaine de recherche. Ils apportent un étayage solide à la proposition théorique de l’interférence résultant d’un recodage verbal (Schooler, 1990). Ils montrent également qu’une trace motrice additionnelle peut nuire à la reconnaissance visuelle de séquences de mouvementsIs it necessary to verbalize in order to memorize and learn a material? According to the literature examining the influence of verbalizations on learning and memory, the answer to this question depends on the type of material used (conceptual material versus perceptive material) and on the learners’ level of expertise. In Study 1, we examined the influence of verbal descriptions on the visual recognition of sequences of fencing movements, with participants of the three levels of expertise (novices, intermediates, experts). In Study 2, we studied the influence of different content of verbal descriptions on the recognition of sequences of fencing movements, according to the level of expertise. The goal of Study 3 was to examine the effect on memory of a trace distinct from a verbal trace: a motor trace. The findings of Study 1 show that verbalizing improves novices’ recognition, impairs intermediates’ recognition and has no effect on experts’ recognition. The results of Study 2 show that the content of verbal descriptions has an effect on memory, according to the participants’ level of expertise. The findings of Study 3 show that duplicating the fencing movement, with no feedback, strongly impedes beginners’ visual recognition. These findings broaden the verbal overshadowing phenomena to a material distinctly more conceptual than the one classically used in this field of research. They bring strong support to the theoretical hypothesis of interference resulting from a verbal recoding (Schooler, 1990). They also show that an additional motor trace can harm visual recognition of movement sequence

Geometrical analysis of motion schemes on fencing experts from competition videos

International audienceGeometrical fencing is a scientific approach to fencing pioneered by Camillo Agrippa in the XVIth century which consists of characterizing the geometrical structure of fencing movements. Many geometrical spaces are involved in a duel, which evolve over time according to the skills of the fencers and the game rules. In this article, the concept of motion scheme is introduced as a flexible geometrical structure to represent fencing spaces evolving over time. The method is applied to the video of a duel of the Olympic games 2016. Five main results are presented. First, decisive actions of the duel are deduced from the distance between fencers. Second, footwork is reconstructed from horizontal movements of the feet. Third, a kinematic model is developed and compared with data in the literature. Fourth, the lunge attack is characterized and compared with data in the literature. Fifth, the role of the free hand is studied in the case of protective and balancing gestures. These findings provide rich information on the geometrical structure of fencing movements as well as on the tactical-strategic choices made by the fencers in real competition conditions. Finally, four applications illustrate the scientific value of motion schemes in fencing and other sports

Verbal overshadowing of memories for fencing movements is mediated by expertise.

Does verbalizing a previously-seen complex visual stimulus influence its subsequent recollection? We investigated this question by examining the mediating role played by expertise level in fencing on the effects of verbalizing upon visual memory. Participants with three distinct levels of expertise in fencing (novices, intermediates, experts) performed seven trials. In each trial, they first watched four times a short video that displayed fencing movements. Then, half of them verbalized the previously-seen visual stimulus (i.e., the verbalization group), the other half carried out a hidden-word task (i.e., the non-verbalization group). Finally, all the participants were asked to recognize the previously-seen fencing movements amongst novel fencing movements. Overall, verbalizing improved recognition for novices, altered recognition for intermediates, and had no effect for experts. These findings replicated the classical verbal-overshadowing effect, while extending it to a more conceptual material. They also point out to some potential benefits and costs of verbalizing on visual memory, depending on the level of expertise