Classifications of land covers in San Martín (Mendoza, Argentina)

El objetivo del trabajo fue adoptar un método para clasificar coberturas de suelos en áreas de cultivos intensivos, fundamentándolo en la exactitud de los datos cartografiados. Documentos básicos: bandas 3, 4 y 5 de las imágenes de verano Landsat Thematic Mapper del NE de Mendoza, capturadas el 18/12/95 y el 28/12/97. Se georreferenciaron con el sistema UTM-19s y se clasificaron con los sistemas rígidos de Mínima Distancia, Paralelepípedos y Máxima Probabilidad, o Verosimilitud. Las imá- genes clasificadas se suavizaron con Filtro moda de Pasa-Baja. La exactitud de los mapas se analizó construyendo Matrices de Confusión o de errores de los polígonos de entrenamiento. Se determinaron los índices Kappa Global y Kappa de Acuerdo de cada categoría clasificada. La cartografía con mayor confiabilidad, clasificando los polígonos de entrenamiento, fue el filtro de la imagen obtenida con el clasificador de Máxima Probabilidad procesando 6 bandas: 3, 4 y 5 del '95 y 3, 4 y 5 del '97. Su Kappa Global = 0,91. Descendió a 0,42 cuando se clasificaron los polígonos testigos. Con las clasificaciones incluyendo imágenes de textura las cartografías resultaron más fracturadas que con las seis bandas espectrales. Esta información adicional mejoró la confiabilidad de la categoría de parrales. La cartografía obtenida clasificando imágenes basadas en objetos fue menos fracturada pero de similar la confiabilidad.The objective of the work is to establish the fidelity of the data cartography like coverings or soil used. The basic documents were the bands 3, 4 and 5 of the summer images Landsat Thematic Mapper of the northeastern Mendoza taken on 12/18/95 and 12/28/97. They were georreferenced to the UTM-19s system. Supervised classifications of the images were made. The Minimum Distance, Parallelopipeds and Maximum Probability or Verisimilitude were the rigid classifiers used. The classified images were softened with Filter fashion of Pass-low. The accuracy of the maps was described using an approach based on a confusion matrix or errors of training and test polygons. The Global Kappa index, and the Kappa index of Agreement of each classified Category was obtained. The cartography that gave the highest degree of dependability, using training polygons, with Global Kappa = 0,91, was the filter of the image that was obtained with the classifier of Maximum Probability processing the 6 bands, the 3, 4 and 5 of the '95 and the 3, 4 and 5 of the '97, but fall at 0,42 with test polygons. Classifications including texture images were carried out. A more fractured cartography was obtained that if the six ghastly bands are used, but the accuracy of Grapevine was better. Classification of the images based on object was carried out. The cartography is fewer fractured and the uncertainty of the map was the same.Fil: Perez Valenzuela, Benjamín R.. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Ingeniería AgrícolaFil: Salcedo, Carlos E. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Ingeniería AgrícolaFil: De Cara, Daniel E.. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Ingeniería Agrícol

Cartography interpreted of soil : San Carlos, Mendoza (Argentina)

El objetivo del trabajo fue generar mapas y asociarlos a bases de datos digitales donde se puedan consultar, en forma automatizada y eficiente, preguntas temáticas y por localización. No importa la cartografía en sí misma, sino el análisis, la interpretación y el establecimiento de indicadores de aptitudes edáficas a partir de información geográfica sistematizada. La Información básica es confiable y posee la máxima integridad. Con IDRISI se realizó, con las bandas 5, 4 Y 3 una composición en falso color. Se elaboraron mapas digitalizados de clasificación no supervisada de cobertura del suelo. Se confeccionó, en Access, una base de datos con 26 registros de determinaciones edáficas. Se exportó esta información temática a IDRISI versión 2.0. Con IDRISI se cartografiaron diferentes campos de la base de datos, lo que estableció distintas zonas pilotos en las que se realizó análisis espacial. De estos análisis se crearon mapas temáticos en formato digital. Con otra base de datos reales de 20 registros se convalidaron los resultados de las cartografías realizadas. El trabajo expresa una visión general real de las características edáficas superficiales más importantes y las cartografías cas realizadas tienen valor práctico al establecer indicadores que sirven para quienes tengan conocimientos edafológicos medios.The objective of the work is to generate maps and to associate them to digital databases. Where the databas es are immediately available and thematic and localization questions can be consulted in automated, efficient and effective formo The basis is not only the cartography by itself but also to analyse, to interpret, to create knowledge, to set indicators of edaphic aptitudes, starting from the data and systematized geographical information. The basic information is reliable and it possesses the maximum integrity. With IDRISI a composition in false color, with the bands 5, 4 and 3 was carried out. Digitized maps of not supervised classification of covering of the soil were elaborated. In Access a database with 26 registrations of edaphic determinations was created. Thematic information was exported to IDRIS1 version 2:0. In IDRISI different fields of the database were established different control areas in those that space analyses was carried out. From these analyses thematic maps were created in digital formato With another database of 20 registrations, the results of temáti¬ the carried out cartographies was authenticated. The work expresses a general vision of the most important characteristic of surface soil and the thematic cartographies carried out have an important practical value, specially for those who have average edaphic knowledge.Fil: Perez Valenzuela, Benjamín R.. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias AgrariasFil: De Cara, Daniel E. . Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias AgrariasFil: Lipinski, Víctor M. . Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agraria

Vegetation in San Martín (Mendoza). : changes in the quantitative distribution.

Mediante la comparación apareada de datos cuantitativos se determinaron cambios en la distribución de la vegetación -fundamentalmente parrales y frutales- en distritos del N de San Martín (Mendoza). Se utilizó el método de resta de los Índices de Vegetación de Diferencias Normalizadas (NDVI), obtenidas con las imágenes Landsat TM del 28/12/97 y 18/12/95. Los valores obtenidos de las imágenes NDVI son reales y se reescalan en byte, en rango de 0 a 255. Con las imágenes NDVI reescaladas, se creó la imagen diferencia para visualizar los cambios de cobertura vegetal producidos entre las dos épocas. Los valores obtenidos resultaron enteros: el menor fue -150 y el máximo, 166. Los valores más positivos expresan que los píxeles, en 1997, han incrementado su cobertura vegetal con respecto a 1995. Los valores más negativos correspondieron a una disminución de la expresión vegetativa. Esta diferencia de expresión vegetativa no distingue entre los cambios reales y la variación aleatoria. Para asegurar la confiabilidad de que los cambios son reales se obtuvo los umbrales de confianza de la imagen diferencia: -67,5733 y 77,5757. Se interpreta que los píxeles que tienen valores menores al umbral mínimo han disminuido su cobertura vegetal entre 1995 y 1997. Los píxeles que tienen valores reales incluidos entre los umbrales no han experimentado cambios. Los de valores mayores a 77,5757 incrementaron su expresión vegetativa. Todo fue comprobado estadísticamente con una probabilidad del 99 %. Los cambios se analizaron para coberturas de parrales y frutales por distritos.The objective of the work is the matched up comparison of quantitative data to obtain the changes in the distribution of the vegetation, fundamentally grapevines and fruitbearing trees, in districts of northern San Martín, Mendoza. The Normalised Differences Vegetative Indexes (NDVI), obtained with the images Landsat TM from 28/12/97 and from 18/12/95, was the method used. The NDVI values of the images obtained is an integer number and they were arranged in byte, in values from 0 to 255. With the NDVI images, arranged, a new image was built; it allowed to visualise the changes of vegetable covering, taken place among the two times. The values obtained with this operation are integer numbers. The -150 was the smallest value and the 166 was maximum value obtained. The most positive values express that the pixeles, in 1997 have increased their vegetable covering with regard to 1995. The most negative values are where decrease of the vegetative expression existed. This difference, of vegetative expression, doesn't distinguish among the real changes of the aleatory variation. To have the reliability that the changes are real the thresholds of trust of the differs image was obtained. The threshold values obtained were: -67,5733 and 77,5757. Interpretation; those pixeles that have smaller values to the minimum threshold have decreased, their vegetable covering from 1995 to 1997, statistically proven. The pixeles that have real values included among the thresholds, has not experienced changes and those with more values at 77,5757 they increased their vegetative expression. The changes were analysed for coverings of grapevine and fruit-bearing trees by districts.Fil: Perez Valenzuela, Benjamín R.. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Ingeniería AgrícolaFil: Salcedo, Carlos E.. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Ingeniería AgrícolaFil: De Cara, Daniel E.. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Ingeniería AgrícolaFil: Capuccino, Sonia N.. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Ingeniería Agrícol

FAPRI 2002 World Agricultural Outlook

Crop Production/Industries, Livestock Production/Industries,

FAPRI 2001 U.S. and World Agricultural Outlook

Crop Production/Industries, Livestock Production/Industries,

Mutation Size Optimizes Speciation in an Evolutionary Model

The role of mutation rate in optimizing key features of evolutionary dynamics has recently been investigated in various computational models. Here, we address the related question of how maximum mutation size affects the formation of species in a simple computational evolutionary model. We find that the number of species is maximized for intermediate values of a mutation size parameter μ; the result is observed for evolving organisms on a randomly changing landscape as well as in a version of the model where negative feedback exists between the local population size and the fitness provided by the landscape. The same result is observed for various distributions of mutation values within the limits set by μ. When organisms with various values of μ compete against each other, those with intermediate μ values are found to survive. The surviving values of μ from these competition simulations, however, do not necessarily coincide with the values that maximize the number of species. These results suggest that various complex factors are involved in determining optimal mutation parameters for any population, and may also suggest approaches for building a computational bridge between the (micro) dynamics of mutations at the level of individual organisms and (macro) evolutionary dynamics at the species level

Comparison of Illumina and 454 Deep Sequencing in Participants Failing Raltegravir-Based Antiretroviral Therapy

Background: The impact of raltegravir-resistant HIV-1 minority variants (MVs) on raltegravir treatment failure is unknown. Illumina sequencing offers greater throughput than 454, but sequence analysis tools for viral sequencing are needed. We evaluated Illumina and 454 for the detection of HIV-1 raltegravir-resistant MVs. Methods: A5262 was a single-arm study of raltegravir and darunavir/ritonavir in treatment-naïve patients. Pre-treatment plasma was obtained from 5 participants with raltegravir resistance at the time of virologic failure. A control library was created by pooling integrase clones at predefined proportions. Multiplexed sequencing was performed with Illumina and 454 platforms at comparable costs. Illumina sequence analysis was performed with the novel snp-assess tool and 454 sequencing was analyzed with V-Phaser. Results: Illumina sequencing resulted in significantly higher sequence coverage and a 0.095% limit of detection. Illumina accurately detected all MVs in the control library at ≥0.5% and 7/10 MVs expected at 0.1%. 454 sequencing failed to detect any MVs at 0.1% with 5 false positive calls. For MVs detected in the patient samples by both 454 and Illumina, the correlation in the detected variant frequencies was high (R2 = 0.92, P<0.001). Illumina sequencing detected 2.4-fold greater nucleotide MVs and 2.9-fold greater amino acid MVs compared to 454. The only raltegravir-resistant MV detected was an E138K mutation in one participant by Illumina sequencing, but not by 454. Conclusions: In participants of A5262 with raltegravir resistance at virologic failure, baseline raltegravir-resistant MVs were rarely detected. At comparable costs to 454 sequencing, Illumina demonstrated greater depth of coverage, increased sensitivity for detecting HIV MVs, and fewer false positive variant calls

Inclusive jet cross sections and dijet correlations in D∗±D^{*\pm} photoproduction at HERA

Inclusive jet cross sections in photoproduction for events containing a $D^*$ meson have been measured with the ZEUS detector at HERA using an integrated luminosity of $78.6 {\rm pb}^{-1}$. The events were required to have a virtuality of the incoming photon, $Q^2$, of less than 1 GeV$^2$, and a photon-proton centre-of-mass energy in the range $130<W_{\gamma p}<280 {\rm GeV}$. The measurements are compared with next-to-leading-order (NLO) QCD calculations. Good agreement is found with the NLO calculations over most of the measured kinematic region. Requiring a second jet in the event allowed a more detailed comparison with QCD calculations. The measured dijet cross sections are also compared to Monte Carlo (MC) models which incorporate leading-order matrix elements followed by parton showers and hadronisation. The NLO QCD predictions are in general agreement with the data although differences have been isolated to regions where contributions from higher orders are expected to be significant. The MC models give a better description than the NLO predictions of the shape of the measured cross sections.Comment: 43 pages, 12 figures, charm jets ZEU

Dissociation of virtual photons in events with a leading proton at HERA

The ZEUS detector has been used to study dissociation of virtual photons in events with a leading proton, gamma^* p -> X p, in e^+p collisions at HERA. The data cover photon virtualities in two ranges, 0.03<Q^2<0.60 GeV^2 and 2<Q^2<100 GeV^2, with M_X>1.5 GeV, where M_X is the mass of the hadronic final state, X. Events were required to have a leading proton, detected in the ZEUS leading proton spectrometer, carrying at least 90% of the incoming proton energy. The cross section is presented as a function of t, the squared four-momentum transfer at the proton vertex, Phi, the azimuthal angle between the positron scattering plane and the proton scattering plane, and Q^2. The data are presented in terms of the diffractive structure function, F_2^D(3). A next-to-leading-order QCD fit to the higher-Q^2 data set and to previously published diffractive charm production data is presented

The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment: Exploring Fundamental Symmetries of the Universe

The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early Universe, the dynamics of the supernova bursts that produced the heavy elements necessary for life and whether protons eventually decay --- these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our Universe, its current state and its eventual fate. The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) represents an extensively developed plan for a world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions. LBNE is conceived around three central components: (1) a new, high-intensity neutrino source generated from a megawatt-class proton accelerator at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, (2) a near neutrino detector just downstream of the source, and (3) a massive liquid argon time-projection chamber deployed as a far detector deep underground at the Sanford Underground Research Facility. This facility, located at the site of the former Homestake Mine in Lead, South Dakota, is approximately 1,300 km from the neutrino source at Fermilab -- a distance (baseline) that delivers optimal sensitivity to neutrino charge-parity symmetry violation and mass ordering effects. This ambitious yet cost-effective design incorporates scalability and flexibility and can accommodate a variety of upgrades and contributions. With its exceptional combination of experimental configuration, technical capabilities, and potential for transformative discoveries, LBNE promises to be a vital facility for the field of particle physics worldwide, providing physicists from around the globe with opportunities to collaborate in a twenty to thirty year program of exciting science. In this document we provide a comprehensive overview of LBNE's scientific objectives, its place in the landscape of neutrino physics worldwide, the technologies it will incorporate and the capabilities it will possess.Comment: Major update of previous version. This is the reference document for LBNE science program and current status. Chapters 1, 3, and 9 provide a comprehensive overview of LBNE's scientific objectives, its place in the landscape of neutrino physics worldwide, the technologies it will incorporate and the capabilities it will possess. 288 pages, 116 figure