M\u27Naghten: Right or Wrong for Florida in the 1980s? It Flunks the Test

The members of the jury listened solemnly as the judge instructed them on the law. The defendant was charged with murder in the first degree

Ciminal Law: Exlusionary Rule United States V. Williams

Then good faith exception to the exclusionary rule recently received explicit impetus from the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals

Effect of Ventilation Rate on Instilled Surfactant Distribution in the Pulmonary Airways of Rats

Liquid can be instilled into the pulmonary airways during medical procedures such as surfactant replacement therapy, partial liquid ventilation, and pulmonary drug delivery. For all cases, understanding the dynamics of liquid distribution in the lung will increase the efficacy of treatment. A recently developed imaging technique for the study of real-time liquid transport dynamics in the pulmonary airways was used to investigate the effect of respiratory rate on the distribution of an instilled liquid, surfactant, in a rat lung. Twelve excised rat lungs were suspended vertically, and a single bolus (0.05 ml) of exogenous surfactant (Survanta, Ross Laboratories, Columbus, OH) mixed with radiopaque tracer was instilled as a plug into the trachea. The lungs were ventilated with a 4-ml tidal volume for 20 breaths at one of two respiratory rates: 20 or 60 breaths/min. The motion of radiodense surfactant was imaged at 30 frames/s with a microfocal X-ray source and an image intensifier. Dynamics of surfactant distribution were quantified for each image by use of distribution statistics and a homogeneity index. We found that the liquid distribution depended on the time to liquid plug rupture, which depends on ventilation rate. At 20 breaths/min, liquid was localized in the gravity-dependent region of the lung. At 60 breaths/min, the liquid coated the airways, providing a more vertically uniform liquid distribution

The Relationships Among Social Capital, HIV Self-Management, and Substance Use in Women.

Women living with HIV (WLHIV) face unique challenges to successfully self-manage HIV including substance use and limited social capital. We conducted a 6-month mixed-methods study to describe how social capital influences HIV self-management and substance use among WLHIV. Participants completed a self-report survey and in-depth interview at baseline, and 3 and 6 months. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, and generalized estimating equations (GEEs) were used to examine quantitative relationships. Qualitative data were analyzed using qualitative description. Current substance users reported lower social capital compared with past substance users (2.63 vs. 2.80; p = .34). Over time, substance use and social capital were associated with HIV self-management (Wald χ2 = 28.43; p < .001). Qualitative data suggest that HIV self-management is influenced by overlapping experiences with social capital, including influential trust, community, and value of self can be complicated by ongoing substance use. Social capital can facilitate improved HIV self-management; however, substance use and trauma can weaken this relationship

Characterization of the 5′- and 3′-Terminal Subgenomic RNAs Produced by a Capillovirus: Evidence for a CP Subgenomic RNA

The members of Capillovirus genus encode two overlapping open reading frames (ORFs): ORF1 encodes a large polyprotein containing the replication-associated proteins plus a coat protein (CP), and ORF2 encodes a movement protein (MP), located within ORF1 in a different reading frame. Organization of the CP sequence as part of the replicase ORF is unusual in capilloviruses. In this study, we examined the capillovirus genome expression strategy by characterizing viral RNAs produced by Citrus tatter leaf virus (CTLV), isolate ML, a Capillovirus. CTLV-ML produced a genome-length RNA of ∼6.5-kb and two 3′-terminal sgRNAs in infected tissue that contain the MP and CP coding sequences (3′-sgRNA1), and the CP coding sequence (3′-sgRNA2), respectively. Both 3′-sgRNAs initiate at a conserved octanucleotide (UUGAAAGA), and are 1826 (3′-sgRNA1) and 869 (3′-sgRNA2) nts with 119 and 15 nt leader sequences, respectively, suggesting that these two 3′- sgRNAs could serve to express the MP and CP. Additionally, accumulation of two 5′-terminal sgRNAs of 5586 (5′-sgRNA1) and 4625 (5′-sgRNA2) nts was observed, and their 3′-termini mapped to 38–44 nts upstream of the transcription start sites of 3′-sgRNAs. The presence of a separate 3′-sgRNA corresponding to the CP coding sequence and its cognate 5′-terminal sgRNA (5′-sgRNA1) suggests that CTLV-ML produces a dedicated sg mRNA for the expression of its CP

Beyond the Damping Tail: Cross-Correlating the Kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect with Cosmic Shear

Secondary anisotropies of the CMB have the potential to reveal intricate details about the history of our universe between the present and recombination epochs. However, because the CMB we observe is the projected sum of a multitude of effects, the interpretation of small scale anisotropies by future high resolution experiments will be marred by uncertainty and speculation without the handles provided by other observations. In this paper we show that cross correlating the CMB with an overlapping weak lensing survey will isolate the elusive kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect from secondary anisotropies generated at higher redshifts. We show that if upcoming high angular resolution CMB experiments, like PLANCK/ACT/SPT, cover the same area of sky as current and future weak lensing surveys, like CFTHLS/SNAP/LSST, the cross correlation of cosmic shear with the kSZ effect will be detected with high signal to noise ratio, increasing the potential science accessible to both sets of surveys. For example, if ACT and a CFHTLS like survey were to overlap this cross-correlation would be detected with a total signal to noise ratio greater than 220, reaching 1.8 per individual multipole around l \sim 5000. Furthermore, this cross-correlation probes the three point coupling between the underlying dark matter and the "momentum" of the ionized baryons in the densest regions of the universe at intermediate redshifts. Similar to the tSZ power spectrum, its strength is extremely sensitive to the power spectrum normalization parameter, \sigma_8, scaling roughly as \sigma_8^7. It provides an effective mechanism to isolate any component of anisotropy due to patchy reionization and rule out primordial small scale anisotropy.Comment: 13 pages, 10 figures, ApJ submitted. Units of one plot correcte

Quantum fluctuations can promote or inhibit glass formation

The very nature of glass is somewhat mysterious: while relaxation times in glasses are of sufficient magnitude that large-scale motion on the atomic level is essentially as slow as it is in the crystalline state, the structure of glass appears barely different than that of the liquid that produced it. Quantum mechanical systems ranging from electron liquids to superfluid helium appear to form glasses, but as yet no unifying framework exists connecting classical and quantum regimes of vitrification. Here we develop new insights from theory and simulation into the quantum glass transition that surprisingly reveal distinct regions where quantum fluctuations can either promote or inhibit glass formation.Comment: Accepted for publication in Nature Physics. 22 pages, 3 figures, 1 Tabl