E-administration, cybersecurity and municipalities – the challenges of cybersecurity issues for the municipalities in Hungary

Today, the digital revolution has also caught up with the administration. The digitalisation of the (public) administration has strong links to the security issues. Digitalisation could be interpreted as one of the tools for the good governance and it has several challenges, as well. In this article the situation and the challenges on the cybersecurity issues of e-administration services and practice of Hungarian municipalities will be analysed. The challenges and risks are significant, because of the fragmented Hungarian municipal system by which the economic power of the Hungarian municipalities is relatively limited. If we look at the regulation it was focused on the development a horizontally integrated e-administration. Although the acts on this system have been passed in the last years, and the former restrictions of the electronic administration have been eliminated, but the practice of the Hungarian e-administration is partly different. The new, enhanced e-administration resulted new challenges, which was partly solved by the radical nationalisation and centralisation of the former municipally performed tasks. The municipal e-administration systems have been built mainly by the largest municipalities

Comparative Research on the Metropolitan Administration and Service in Porto

The Porto Metropolitan Area (Área Metropolitana do Porto, AMP) is a framework of cooperation between 17 municipalities and several districts. This metropolitan area has a specific, inter-municipal model of urban governance. In our research, we found that cooperation is significant mainly in sectors where the central legislature has essentially made this mandatory, by designing the AMP and defining its powers. In addition to AMP, only partial cooperation has been established in the field of waste management, and in the field of human public services and in the performance of public authority, there is essentially a set of autonomous organisational solutions. However, despite all this fragmentation, the above system ensures the satisfactory functioning of the metropolitan agglomeration. This also underlines the importance of transport management in urban areas, since this functioning system is based on an integrated and intermodal transport system

Az autonóm helyi jogalkotás korlátai

A helyi önkormányzati autonómia mind több vetületét érik kihívások az utóbbi években. A feladataikat újradefiniáló önkormányzatok számára kiemelten fontos a jogalkotási képesség, különösen a XXI. század követelményeinek való megfelelést szolgáló új jogintézmények ki-alakítását lehetővé tevő eredeti jogalkotó hatáskör. Az önkormányzati működés egyik, az utób-bi években fókuszba helyezett területe az állampolgári bevonást szolgáló új mechanizmusok kidolgozása, a részvételt segítő új jogintézmények megalkotása. Az erre irányuló jogalkotás azonban a jelenlegi jogi környezetben gyakran nehézségekbe ütközik. A tanulmány Budapest Főváros Önkormányzata egyik részvételi eszközének megalkotásán keresztül mutatja be, hogy a helyi jogalkotó milyen kihívásokkal szembesül akkor, ha állampolgári bevonás új eszközét igyekszik kialakítani. Ehhez – a helyi jogalkotásra vonatkozó jogszabályi környezet, valamint a helyi részvételi demokrácia eszközeinek rövid bemutatását követően – a tanulmány végigköve-ti a kodifikációs folyamat egészét, bemutatja az így létrejött jogintézményt, valamint feltárja a társadalmi egyeztetés, a hatásvizsgálat, valamint a kodifikáció során a jogi környezetbe való be-illesztés kapcsán felmerült, és a jogszabályhoz fűzött indokolásban is bemutatott dilemmákat

Lymphocyte subsets in pediatric migraine

Aseptic inflammation due to activated immune cells has been implicated in the pathomechanism of migraine. We measured the prevalence of regulatory T cells (Tregs), along with that of CD4(+)/CD8(+) lymphocytes and their Th1/Th2 commitment in pediatric migraine. Children and adolescents suffering from migraine without aura, migraine with aura and hemiplegic migraine ictally (n = 53, 27, and 20, respectively), also interictally (n = 33) were recruited and compared to 24 healthy children. Our results indicated comparable prevalence of Tregs, CD4(+) and Th1/Th2 committed cells. CD8(+) prevalence was lower, and CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio was higher in ictal phase irrespective of the subtype of migraine. No association between CD8(+) prevalence and gender, body weight, disease onset and attack duration in migraine subtypes was found. CD8(+) prevalence was normal in patients in interictal phase. These results suggest the absence of major systemic alteration of adaptive immunity in children and adolescents suffering from migraine; however, a transient decrease of CD8(+) prevalence during the ictal phase was detected irrespective of the subtype of migraine

Badania porównawcze administracji i usług metropolitalnych w Porto

The Porto Metropolitan Area (Área Metropolitana do Porto, AMP) is a framework of cooperation between 17 municipalities and several districts. This metropolitan area has a specific, inter-municipal model of urban governance. In our research, we found that cooperation is significant mainly in sectors where the central legislature has essentially made this mandatory, by designing the AMP and defining its powers. In addition to AMP, only partial cooperation has been established in the field of waste management, and in the field of human public services and in the performance of public authority, there is essentially a set of autonomous organisational solutions. However, despite all this fragmentation, the above system ensures the satisfactory functioning of the metropolitan agglomeration. This also underlines the importance of transport management in urban areas, since this functioning system is based on an integrated and intermodal transport systemObszar metropolitalny Porto (Área Metropolitana do Porto, AMP) składa się z 17 gmin i kilku okręgów. Przyjęto tu specyficzny, międzygminny model zarządzania. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że współpraca jest znacząca głównie w sektorach, którym centralny prawodawca zasadniczo nadał taki obowiązek, projektując AMP i określając jego uprawnienia. Oprócz AMP nawiązano jedynie częściową współpracę w zakresie gospodarki odpadami, a w zakresie usług publicznych i wykonywania władzy publicznej istnieje w zasadzie zestaw autonomicznych rozwiązań organizacyjnych. Pomimo całego tego rozdrobnienia system ten zapewnia odpowiednie funkcjonowanie aglomeracji metropolitalnej. Istotne jest również zarządzanie transportem na obszarach miejskich, ponieważ jest ono oparte na zintegrowanym i intermodalnym systemie transportowym