La hipertensión: un enemigo peligroso

La hipertensión arterial sistémica (HTA) es una enfermedad crónica que requiere de asistencia médica continua y educación del paciente y su familia para que se comprenda la enfermedad, las medidas de prevención y el tratamiento con el fin de responsabilizarse para alcanzar las metas del tratamiento y prevenir o retardar el desarrollo de complicaciones agudas y crónicas. Este conjunto de estándares y recomendaciones asistenciales intentan proporcionar a los clínicos, pacientes, familiares, investigadores, compañías de seguros y demás personas interesadas, información acerca de los aspectos de la asistencia del hipertenso, las metas terapéuticas y las herramientas para evaluar la calidad de atención La hipertensión es considerada por los pacientes como una patología multifacética y que se enmarca dentro de múltiples perspectivas, las cuales hacen que su tratamiento sea difícil para el cuerpo médico desde esta visión. Muchos de los afectados no consideran que esta sea una enfermedad importante y no siguen rigurosamente las indicaciones en torno al consumo de medicación y seguimiento de hábitos de vida saludable, haciendo que cuando aparecen enfermedades asociadas estas lleguen a un desenlace fatal para el paciente. El siguiente trabajo también hace un análisis directamente asociado a la enfermedad y sus implicaciones en pacientes diagnosticados y busca establecer una perspectiva crítica que permita hacer pensar en las consecuencias negativas de esta patología en todos los ámbitos, así mismo, permite indagar cuales son las incidencias reales que tienen los pacientes sobre lo qué es la enfermedad y los métodos alternativos para su enfrentamiento. De igual forma, la intención de este trabajo es reconocer los sistemas de recolección de información y el análisis e interpretación de los datos que se quieren obtener en una investigación y mediante esta actividad, tener una idea clara sobre la utilidad que tienen las herramientas informáticas para poder interpretar los datos obtenidos en encuestas y poder obtener información certera que se utilice en trabajos a realizar que busquen la promoción y prevención de cualquier enfermedad que queramos investigarSystemic blood pressure (HBP) is a chronic illness that requires continuing medical care and education of patients and their families to understand the disease, prevention measures and treatment in order to take responsibility for achieving the goals of treatment and prevent or delay the development of acute and chronic complications. This set of standards and care recommendations are intended to provide clinicians, patients, families, researchers, insurance companies and others concerned about aspects of care of hypertension, therapeutic targets and tools to evaluate the quality of care. Hypertension is considered by patients as a multifaceted disease that is part of multiple perspectives, which make treatment difficult for the medical profession in this view. Many of those affected do not consider this a major illness and not rigorously follow the signs around the consumption of medication and follow a healthy lifestyle, so that when these associated diseases appear to reach a fatal outcome for the patient. The following paper also makes an analysis directly associated with the disease and its implications for patients diagnosed and seeks to establish a critical perspective that allows for thinking about the negative consequences of this condition in all areas , also, allows to investigate what are the real implications with patients about what is the disease and alternative methods for confrontation. Similarly, the intention of this paper is to identify systems of data collection and analysis and interpretation of data to be obtained in an investigation and through this activity, have a clear idea about the utility of the tools for to interpret the survey data and obtain accurate information used in work to be done to seek the promotion and prevention of any disease we want to investigat

Social determinants of lifestyle and cardiovascular health in a minority community study for promotion of health

American College of Cardiology 67th Annual Scientific Session 2018. Orlando, USA. March 10-12, 2018

Atlas of Nervous System Vascular Malformations: A Systematic Review

Vascular malformations are frequent in the head and neck region, affecting the nervous system. The wide range of therapeutic approaches demand the correct anatomical, morphological, and functional characterization of these lesions supported by imaging. Using a systematic search protocol in PubMed, Google Scholar, Ebsco, Redalyc, and SciELO, the authors extracted clinical studies, review articles, book chapters, and case reports that provided information about vascular cerebral malformations, in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 385,614 articles were grouped; using the inclusion and exclusion criteria, three of the authors independently selected 51 articles about five vascular cerebral malformations: venous malformation, brain capillary telangiectasia, brain cavernous angiomas, arteriovenous malformation, and leptomeningeal angiomatosis as part of Sturge–Weber syndrome. We described the next topics—“definition”, “etiology”, “pathophysiology”, and “treatment”—with a focus on the relationship with the imaging approach. We concluded that the correct anatomical, morphological, and functional characterization of cerebral vascular malformations by means of various imaging studies is highly relevant in determining the therapeutic approach, and that new lines of therapeutic approaches continue to depend on the imaging evaluation of these lesions

Ramucirumab with cisplatin and fluoropyrimidine as first-line therapy in patients with metastatic gastric or junctional adenocarcinoma (RAINFALL): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial

BACKGROUND: VEGF and VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2)-mediated signalling and angiogenesis can contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of gastric cancer. We aimed to assess whether the addition of ramucirumab, a VEGFR-2 antagonist monoclonal antibody, to first-line chemotherapy improves outcomes in patients with metastatic gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma. METHODS: For this double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial done at 126 centres in 20 countries, we recruited patients aged 18 years or older with metastatic, HER2-negative gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma, an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0 or 1, and adequate organ function. Eligible patients were randomly assigned (1:1) with an interactive web response system to receive cisplatin (80 mg/m2, on the first day) plus capecitabine (1000 mg/m2, twice daily for 14 days), every 21 days, and either ramucirumab (8 mg/kg) or placebo on days 1 and 8, every 21 days. 5-Fluorouracil (800 mg/m2 intravenous infusion on days 1-5) was permitted in patients unable to take capecitabine. The primary endpoint was investigator-assessed progression-free survival, analysed by intention to treat in the first 508 patients. We did a sensitivity analysis of the primary endpoint, including a central review of CT scans. Overall survival was a key secondary endpoint. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02314117. FINDINGS: Between Jan 28, 2015, and Sept 16, 2016, 645 patients were randomly assigned to receive ramucirumab plus fluoropyrimidine and cisplatin (n=326) or placebo plus fluoropyrimidine and cisplatin (n=319). Investigator-assessed progression-free survival was significantly longer in the ramucirumab group than the placebo group (hazard ratio [HR] 0·753, 95% CI 0·607-0·935, p=0·0106; median progression-free survival 5·7 months [5·5-6·5] vs 5·4 months [4·5-5·7]). A sensitivity analysis based on central independent review of the radiological images did not corroborate the investigator-assessed difference in progression-free survival (HR 0·961, 95% CI 0·768-1·203, p=0·74). There was no difference in overall survival between groups (0·962, 0·801-1·156, p=0·6757; median overall survival 11·2 months [9·9-11·9] in the ramucirumab group vs 10·7 months [9·5-11·9] in the placebo group). The most common grade 3-4 adverse events were neutropenia (85 [26%] of 323 patients in the ramucirumab group vs 85 [27%] of 315 in the placebo group), anaemia (39 [12%] vs 44 [14%]), and hypertension (32 [10%] vs 5 [2%]). The incidence of any-grade serious adverse events was 160 (50%) of 323 patients in the ramucirumab group and 149 (47%) of 315 patients in the placebo group. The most common serious adverse events were vomiting (14 [4%] in the ramucirumab group vs 21 [7%] in the placebo group) and diarrhoea (11 [3%] vs 19 [6%]). There were seven deaths in each group, either during study treatment or within 30 days of discontinuing study treatment, which were the result of treatment-related adverse events. In the ramucirumab group, these adverse events were acute kidney injury, cardiac arrest, gastric haemorrhage, peritonitis, pneumothorax, septic shock, and sudden death (n=1 of each). In the placebo group, these adverse events were cerebrovascular accident (n=1), multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (n=2), pulmonary embolism (n=2), sepsis (n=1), and small intestine perforation (n=1). INTERPRETATION: Although the primary analysis for progression-free survival was statistically significant, this outcome was not confirmed in a sensitivity analysis of progression-free survival by central independent review, and did not improve overall survival. Therefore, the addition of ramucirumab to cisplatin plus fluoropyrimidine chemotherapy is not recommended as first-line treatment for this patient population. FUNDING: Eli Lilly and Company.status: publishe

International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortiu (INICC) report, data summary of 43 countries for 2007-2012. Device-associated module

We report the results of an International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) surveillance study from January 2007-December 2012 in 503 intensive care units (ICUs) in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe. During the 6-year study using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) U.S. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) definitions for device-associated health care–associated infection (DA-HAI), we collected prospective data from 605,310 patients hospitalized in the INICC's ICUs for an aggregate of 3,338,396 days. Although device utilization in the INICC's ICUs was similar to that reported from ICUs in the U.S. in the CDC's NHSN, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals: the pooled rate of central line–associated bloodstream infection in the INICC's ICUs, 4.9 per 1,000 central line days, is nearly 5-fold higher than the 0.9 per 1,000 central line days reported from comparable U.S. ICUs. The overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia was also higher (16.8 vs 1.1 per 1,000 ventilator days) as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (5.5 vs 1.3 per 1,000 catheter days). Frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas isolates to amikacin (42.8% vs 10%) and imipenem (42.4% vs 26.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (71.2% vs 28.8%) and imipenem (19.6% vs 12.8%) were also higher in the INICC's ICUs compared with the ICUs of the CDC's NHSN