211 research outputs found
The Roles of Dopamine and Related Compounds in Reward-Seeking Behavior Across Animal Phyla
Motile animals actively seek out and gather resources they find rewarding, and this is an extremely powerful organizer and motivator of animal behavior. Mammalian studies have revealed interconnected neurobiological systems for reward learning, reward assessment, reinforcement and reward-seeking; all involving the biogenic amine dopamine. The neurobiology of reward-seeking behavioral systems is less well understood in invertebrates, but in many diverse invertebrate groups, reward learning and responses to food rewards also involve dopamine. The obvious exceptions are the arthropods in which the chemically related biogenic amine octopamine has a greater effect on reward learning and reinforcement than dopamine. Here we review the functions of these biogenic amines in behavioral responses to rewards in different animal groups, and discuss these findings in an evolutionary context
Enhancing Academic Integrity and Facing Academic Dishonesty Afternoon Plenary Session & Wrap-Up
A core classroom value for many college and university instructors is academic integrity and honesty. Instructors often employ a range of strategies to strengthen academic integrity and limit academic dishonesty in their individual courses. By bringing together panelists from a variety of disciplines and professional experiences, who teach a range of courses in diverse formats, levels, and sizes, this panel aims to generate a discussion about how to support a culture of academic integrity. We will address these issues based on how we think about academic integrity and dishonesty, our discipline or course specific concerns, our physical and institutional environments, and our experiences with students and other members of our communities. Ultimately, it is worth noting that cultivating academic integrity within each individual classroom is but one dimension of strengthening and sustaining a broader culture of integrity in the academic communities of which we are a part. In keeping with the spirit of strengthening a broader culture of integrity, this session will include opportunity for discussion and synthesis with the audience
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An assessment of attitudes toward gender inequitable sexual and reproductive health norms in South Sudan: a community-based participatory research approach
Background: Communities in South Sudan have endured decades of conflict. Protracted conflict exacerbated reproductive health disparities and gender inequities. This study, conducted prior to the countryâs 2011 independence, aimed to assess attitudes toward gender inequitable norms related to sexual relationships and reproductive health and the effects of sex, age, and education on these attitudes. Methods: Applying a community-based participatory research approach and quota sampling, 680 adult male and female respondents were interviewed in seven sites within South Sudan in 2009â2011. The verbally administered survey assessed attitudes using the Gender Equitable Men scale. Data were stratified by sex, age (â€35 years and >35 years), and education. Results: Of 680 respondents, 352 were female, 326 were male, and 2 did not indicate their sex. The majority of women (77%) and men (74%) agreed âa man needs other women, even if things with his wife are fineâ. Respondents who reported no education (60%) were more likely than those who reported any education (45%) to agree âif a woman is married, she should have sex with her husband whenever he wants to, even if she doesnât want toâ (p = 0.002). The majority of women (74%) and men (73%) agreed âit is a womanâs responsibility to avoid getting pregnantâ. Respondents who reported no education (81%) were more likely than those who reported any education (72%) to agree with this statement (p = 0.04). When asked about condom use, the majority of respondents, across both sexes and both age groups, agreed âit would be outrageous for a wife to ask her husband to use a condomâ and âwomen who carry condoms are easyâ. There were no statistically significant differences between the two age groups for any of the assessed gender inequitable norms. Conclusion: The study reveals differences in attitudes toward gender inequitable sexual and reproductive health norms among those surveyed in South Sudan when stratified by sex and education. As a new nation seeks to strengthen its health system, these data can inform sexual and reproductive health policies and programming in South Sudan
Conditional Glycosylation in Eukaryotic Cells Using a Biocompatible Chemical Inducer of Dimerization
A Comparison of Methamphetamine-Induced Psychosis and Schizophrenia: A Review of Positive, Negative, and Cognitive Symptomatology
Methamphetamine is a potent psychostimulant that can induce psychosis among recreational and chronic users, with some users developing a persistent psychotic syndrome that shows similarities to schizophrenia. This review provides a comprehensive critique of research that has directly compared schizophrenia with acute and chronic METH psychosis, with particular focus on psychiatric and neurocognitive symptomatology. We conclude that while there is considerable overlap in the behavioral and cognitive symptoms between METH psychosis and schizophrenia, there appears to be some evidence that suggests there are divergent aspects to each condition, particularly with acute METH psychosis. Schizophrenia appears to be associated with pronounced thought disorder, negative symptoms more generally and cognitive deficits mediated by the parietal cortex, such as difficulties with selective visual attention, while visual and tactile hallucinations appear to be more prevalent in acute METH-induced psychosis. As such, acute METH psychosis may represent a distinct psychotic disorder to schizophrenia and could be clinically distinguished from a primary psychotic disorder based on the aforementioned behavioral and cognitive sequelae. Preliminary evidence, on the other hand, suggests that chronic METH psychosis may be clinically similar to that of primary psychotic disorders, particularly with respect to positive and cognitive symptomatology, although negative symptoms appear to be more pronounced in schizophrenia. Limitations of the literature and avenues for future research are also discussed
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An assessment of gender inequitable norms and gender-based violence in South Sudan: a community-based participatory research approach
Background: Following decades of conflict, South Sudan gained independence from Sudan in 2011. Prolonged conflict, which included gender-based violence (GBV), exacerbated gender disparities. This study aimed to assess attitudes towards gender inequitable norms related to GBV and to estimate the frequency of GBV in sampled communities of South Sudan. Methods: Applying a community-based participatory research approach, 680 adult male and female household respondents were interviewed in seven sites within South Sudan in 2009â2011. Sites were selected based on program catchment area for a non-governmental organization and respondents were selected by quota sampling. The verbally-administered survey assessed attitudes using the Gender Equitable Men scale. Results were stratified by gender, age, and education. Results: Of 680 respondents, 352 were female, 326 were male, and 2 did not provide gender data. Among respondents, 82% of females and 81% of males agreed that âa woman should tolerate violence in order to keep her family togetherâ. The majority, 68% of females and 63% of males, also agreed that âthere are times when a woman deserves to be beatenâ. Women (47%) were more likely than men (37%) to agree that âit is okay for a man to hit his wife if she wonât have sex with himâ (p=0.005). Agreement with gender inequitable norms decreased with education. Across sites, 69% of respondents knew at least one woman who was beaten by her husband in the past month and 42% of respondents knew at least one man who forced his wife or partner to have sex. Conclusion: The study reveals an acceptance of violence against women among sampled communities in South Sudan. Both women and men agreed with gender inequitable norms, further supporting that GBV programming should address the attitudes of both women and men. The results support promotion of education as a strategy for addressing gender inequality and GBV. The findings reveal a high frequency of GBV across all assessment sites; however, population-based studies are needed to determine the prevalence of GBV in South Sudan. South Sudan, the worldâs newest nation, has the unique opportunity to implement policies that promote gender equality and the protection of women
Ethics Education in Professional Psychology: A Survey of American Psychological Association Accredited Programs
Professional psychologists are expected to know ethical standards and engage in proactive analysis of ethical considerations across professional roles (e.g., practice, research, teaching). Yet, little is known about the current state of doctoral ethics education in professional psychology, including the content covered and pedagogical strategies used to ensure developing this core component of professional competency (de las Fuentes, Willmuth, & Yarrow, 2005). A survey of ethics educators from APAaccredited programs across the United States and Canada resulted in 136 instructors reporting on their program\u27s ethics training. The majority of questionnaires returned were from PhD programs (77.9%). A substantial number of programs were clinical (59.6%) and followed a scientist practitioner training model (69.9%). The response rate across specialties ranged from 34.5% to 41.4%. Nearly all (95.6%) reported having a required ethics course. Lectures (95.6%) were the most common teaching method reported. Fully 100% of ethics educators reported teaching about mandated reporting and informed consent to treatment. An overwhelming majority (90% and above) covered the same 11 other topics, showing notable convergence in content. The most commonly used document across programs (99.3%) was the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (APA, 2010). The most common type of assignment was reading (94.1%), and the most common teaching practice was teaching by example (90.4%). Finally the most endorsed teaching goal was advancement of critical thinking (94.9%). Implications for ethics education and future research directions are described. © 2014 American Psychological Association
Inference on inspiral signals using LISA MLDC data
In this paper we describe a Bayesian inference framework for analysis of data
obtained by LISA. We set up a model for binary inspiral signals as defined for
the Mock LISA Data Challenge 1.2 (MLDC), and implemented a Markov chain Monte
Carlo (MCMC) algorithm to facilitate exploration and integration of the
posterior distribution over the 9-dimensional parameter space. Here we present
intermediate results showing how, using this method, information about the 9
parameters can be extracted from the data.Comment: Accepted for publication in Classical and Quantum Gravity, GWDAW-11
special issu
SOCS1 Is a Critical Inhibitor of Interferon Îł Signaling and Prevents the Potentially Fatal Neonatal Actions of this Cytokine
AbstractMice lacking suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS1) develop a complex fatal neonatal disease. In this study, SOCS1â/â mice were shown to exhibit excessive responses typical of those induced by interferon Îł (IFNÎł), were hyperresponsive to viral infection, and yielded macrophages with an enhanced IFNÎł-dependent capacity to kill L. major parasites. The complex disease in SOCS1â/â mice was prevented by administration of anti-IFNÎł antibodies and did not occur in SOCS1â/â mice also lacking the IFNÎł gene. Although IFNÎł is essential for resistance to a variety of infections, the potential toxic action of IFNÎł, particularly in neonatal mice, appears to require regulation. Our data indicate that SOCS1 is a key modulator of IFNÎł action, allowing the protective effects of this cytokine to occur without the risk of associated pathological responses
Association of antenatal or neonatal SARS-COV-2 exposure with developmental and respiratory outcomes, and healthcare usage in early childhood: A national prospective cohort study
Background: Perinatal exposure to SARS-CoV-2 may affect neurodevelopment before 12 months of age, but longer-term outcomes remain unknown. We examined whether antenatal or neonatal SARS-CoV-2 exposure compared with non-exposure is associated with neurodevelopment, respiratory symptoms, and health care usage in early childhood. Methods: This prospective national population-based cohort study was conducted in England and Wales, United Kingdom. We enrolled term-born children (â„37 weeks' gestation) with and without antenatal or neonatal exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection by approaching parents of eligible children who were cared for in 87 NHS hospitals. Potential participants were identified through the national active surveillance studies of pregnant women and newborn infants hospitalised with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection conducted through the UK Obstetric Surveillance System and the British Paediatric Surveillance Unit. We defined antenatal and neonatal SARS-CoV-2 exposure as infants born to mothers hospitalised with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection between 14 + 0 and 36 + 6 weeks gestation and infants admitted to hospital with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection within the first 28 days after birth. Children born preterm or with major congenital anomaly or who were not residing in the UK were excluded. We assessed children's development (Ages and Stages Questionnaire 3rd Edition (ASQ-3); Ages and Stages Questionnaire Social-Emotional 2nd Edition (ASQ:SE-2)), respiratory symptoms (Liverpool Respiratory Symptom Questionnaire (LRSQ)) and health care usage (parent-completed questionnaire) at 21â32 months of age. Primary outcome: total ASQ-3 score, converted to z-scores. Secondary outcomes: ASQ:SE-2 z-scores; risk of delay in ASQ-3 domains; total LRSQ scores, converted to z-scores. Analyses were adjusted for children's age, sex, maternal ethnicity, parental education, and index of multiple deprivation. Findings: Between October 20, 2021 and January 27, 2023, we approached 668 and 1877 families out of 712 and 1917 potentially eligible participants in the exposed and comparison cohort. Of the 125 and 306 participants who were enrolled to the exposed and comparison cohort 121 and 301 participants completed the questionnaires and 96 and 243 participants were included in the analysis. In the age adjusted analysis, the mean total ASQ-3 z-score was lower in the exposed than the comparison cohort (â0.3, 95% CI: â0.6 to â0.05), however, when adjusted for sex, parental education, ethnicity and IMD quintile, there was no significant difference (difference in mean z-score = â0.2 95% CI: â0.5 to 0.03). SARS-CoV-2 exposure was associated with increased risk of delayed personal-social skills (odds ratio = 3.81; 95% CI: 1.07â13.66), higher ASQ:SE-2 total z-scores (difference in mean z-score = 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2â0.6) and increased risk of delayed social-emotional development (OR = 3.58, 95% CI: 1.30â9.83), after adjusting for sex, age at assessment, parental education, ethnicity and IMD quintile. The exposed cohort had a higher mean total LRSQ z-score than the comparison cohort (0.3 95% CI: 0â0.6) and higher inpatient (38% vs. 21%, p = 0.0001), outpatient (38% vs. 30%, p = 0.0090), and General Practitioner appointments (60% vs. 50%, p = 0.021) than the comparison cohort, after adjusting for sex, age at assessment, parental education, ethnicity and IMD quintile. No differences in other secondary outcomes between the exposed and comparison cohorts were found. Interpretation: Although the exposed cohort did not differ from the comparison cohort on the primary outcome, total ASQ-3 score, the exposed cohort were at greater risk of delayed social-emotional development, had a greater prevalence of respiratory symptoms and increased health care usage relative to the comparison cohort. The study is limited by the smaller sample size due to the low response rate and lack of clinical developmental assessments. Given the association of poor social-emotional development with antenatal or neonatal SARS-CoV-2 exposure, developmental screening, and follow-up of children with confirmed antenatal or neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infection may be warranted to identify those in need of early intervention. Funding: Action Medical Research for Children
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