Economic Determinants of Driver's Behavior in Minas Gerais

The aim of the paper is to evaluate the behavior of drivers when they face a safe-traffic environment. Some studies suggest that the laws that demand auto makers to produce safer vehicles also stimulate their drivers to drive carelessly, since the cost of driving carefully decreases. Likewise, a safer traffic environment or less dangerous surroundings can stimulate drivers to drive more aggressively and less carefully. This study tries to test whether the undesirable behavior described by Peltzman (1975) is observed on the highways and roads of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Estimates based on data found in the Brazilian Federal Road Police's accident report databank confirm drivers'' lack of attention in safer environments. The results suggest that careless behavior in traffic increases when safer conditions prevail.

2D Fractons from Gauging Exponential Symmetries

The scope of quantum field theory is extended by introducing a broader class of discrete gauge theories with fracton behavior in 2+1D. We consider translation invariant systems that carry special charge conservation laws, which we refer to as \text{exponential polynomial symmetries}. Upon gauging these symmetries, the resulting $\mathbb{Z}_N$ gauge theories exhibit fractonic physics, including constrained mobility of quasiparticles and UV dependence of the ground state degeneracy. For appropriate values of theory parameters, we find a family of models whose excitations, albeit being deconfined, can only move in the form of bound states rather than isolated monopoles. For concreteness, we study in detail the low-energy physics and topological sectors of a particular model through a universal protocol, developed for determining the holonomies of a given theory. We find that a single excitation, isolated in a region of characteristic size $R$, can only move from its original position through the action of operators with support on $\mathcal{O}(R)$ sites. Furthermore, we propose a Chern-Simons variant of these gauge theories, yielding non-CSS type stabilizer codes, and propose the exploration of exponentially symmetric subsystem SPTs and fracton codes in 3+1D.Comment: 19 pages, 14 figure

The Influence of Temperature on the Behavior of Burrowing in Larvae of the Blowflies, Chrysomya albiceps and Lucilia cuprina, Under Controlled Conditions

Blowflies use discrete, ephemeral substrates for larval development. After exhaustion of the food supply, larvae will disperse in search of sites to burrow and pupate or will seek other sources of food in a process known as post-feeding larval dispersal. In this study, the effect of temperature was investigated as it is one of the most important aspects of the environmental variables in this process. 800 larvae of the blowflies Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann 1819) and Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann 1830) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) were incubated in tubes covered with vermiculite at 15, 20, 25 and 30°C. For each pupa, the body weight, sex and depth of burrowing were determined. Statistical tests were used to examine the relationship of depth of burrowing and body weight to the temperature at which burrowing occurred. Depth of burrowing was affected differently by temperature for both of the species studied; L. cuprina larvae burrowed deeper at lower and higher temperatures while C. albiceps larvae burrowed less at extreme temperatures. Additionally, temperature had a significant effect on the body weight of L. cuprina larvae as body weight decreased as temperature increased, whereas for C. albiceps, pupal weight increased up to 25°C and then decreased abruptly at a higher temperatures. The maximum body weight was also differently affected in the two species; in L. cuprina, the maximal weight was at 15°C and for C. albiceps weight was maximal at 20°C

Regio- and stereoselective synthesis of (Z)-2-Arylsulfanyl allylic alcohols using anhydrous CeCl3 as catalyst under solvent free conditions

AbstractAnhydrous CeCl3 was successfully employed as catalyst for the synthesis of (Z)-2-Arylsulfanyl allylic alcohols from propargylic alcohols and thiols under solvent free conditions. The products were obtained in good to excellent yields

U(1)U(1) symmetry-enriched toric code

We propose and study a generalization of Kitaev's $\mathbb Z_2$ toric code on a square lattice with an additional global $U(1)$ symmetry. Using Quantum Monte Carlo simulation, we find strong evidence for a topologically ordered ground state manifold with indications of UV/IR mixing, i.e., the topological degeneracy of the ground state depends on the microscopic details of the lattice. Specifically, the ground state degeneracy depends on the lattice tilt relative to the directions of the torus cycles. In particular, we observe that while the usual compactification along the vertical/horizontal lines of the square lattice shows a two-fold ground state degeneracy, compactifying the lattice at $45^\circ$ leads to a three-fold degeneracy. In addition to its unusual topological properties, this system also exhibits Hilbert space fragmentation. Finally, we propose a candidate experimental realization of the model in an array of superconducting quantum wires

De Novo Transcriptome Assembly For The Tropical Grass Panicum Maximum Jacq.

Guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) is a tropical African grass often used to feed beef cattle, which is an important economic activity in Brazil. Brazil is the leader in global meat exportation because of its exclusively pasture-raised bovine herds. Guinea grass also has potential uses in bioenergy production due to its elevated biomass generation through the C4 photosynthesis pathway. We generated approximately 13 Gb of data from Illumina sequencing of P. maximum leaves. Four different genotypes were sequenced, and the combined reads were assembled de novo into 38,192 unigenes and annotated; approximately 63% of the unigenes had homology to other proteins in the NCBI non-redundant protein database. Functional classification through COG (Clusters of Orthologous Groups), GO (Gene Ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) analyses showed that the unigenes from Guinea grass leaves are involved in a wide range of biological processes and metabolic pathways, including C4 photosynthesis and lignocellulose generation, which are important for cattle grazing and bioenergy production. The most abundant transcripts were involved in carbon fixation, photosynthesis, RNA translation and heavy metal cellular homeostasis. Finally, we identified a number of potential molecular markers, including 5,035 microsatellites (SSRs) and 346,456 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to characterize the complete leaf transcriptome of P. maximum using high-throughput sequencing. The biological information provided here will aid in gene expression studies and marker-assisted selection-based breeding research in tropical grasses.8e7078

A Distribuição ?sup: propriedades e aplicações / The ?sup distribution: properties and applications

Frequentemente, pesquisadores estão interessados em modelar eventos de dife- rente natureza recorrendo a propostas de modelos probabilísticos a fim de descrever os fenômenos com certa segurança, tais como níveis pluviométricos, inundações, ve- locidade dos ventos, entre outras aplicações. No escopo da teoria da probabilidade, a atenção é voltada para a Teoria dos Valores Extremos(TVE), em que eventos considerados raros são levados em consideração, e generalizações de famílias de dis- tribuições englobadas no TVE são reconhecidas como distribuições de cauda mais pesada. Com uso do método T ? X para gerar novas famílias de distribuições ge- neralizadas, propõe-se a inserção de uma nova distribuição na literatura, utilizando uma distribuição de base advinda do TVE. Faz-se um estudo rigoroso desta afim de verificarmos suas aplicabilidades. Estrutura-se a sua obtenção, ilustra-se algumas de suas formas, apresenta-se o método de geração de valores do novo modelo, assim como é abordado a estimação dos parâmetros usando-se a teoria de máxima veros- similhança. Finalmente, ilustra-se a adequabilidade do novo modelo ao ajustá-lo a conjuntos de dados reais, compara-o com outros modelos existentes na literatura e constrói-se testes de hipótese a respeito da inserção do novo parâmetro, utilizando a metodologia para modelos não encaixados.

“PESSOAL, ATENÇÃO POR FAVOR”: A PRÁTICA DOCENTE NO ESTÁGIO CURRICULAR EM GEOGRAFIA

O trabalho relata a experiência de Estágio Curricular Docente do Curso de Geografia da FAED/UDESC, realizado em uma turma de sexto ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola pública de Florianópolis/SC. Apresenta, portanto, as três metodologias trabalhadas nesta turma, sendo elas o uso de Imagens no Ensino de Geografia, uma aula Expositivo-Dialogada e por fim uma aula Prático-Experimental. O objetivo do trabalho é de verificar qual foi a metodologia mais efetiva em sala de aula, de acordo com três requisitos, Participação e Comportamento dos estudantes, bem como a Aprendizagem destes, medida pelas notas. A metodologia que obteve mais êxito com a turma foi a aula Prático-Experimental, pela reação positiva dos estudantes quanto às notas e, principalmente, pela participação e envolvimento dos estudantes. O trabalho se justifica pela necessidade de se mostrar outro modo de se ensinar Geografia para os anos finais do ensino fundamental, demonstrando que apesar das dificuldades encontradas que o ensino público no Brasil impõe, sempre há um jeito pelo qual é possível uma educação transformadora, trazendo o/a estudante como sujeito ativo para o centro do processo de ensino-aprendizage

Expedient Iodocyclization Approach Toward Polysubstituted 3H-Benzo[e]indoles

A facile and expedient iodocyclization of 4-(2-prop-1-ynylphenyl)-1H-pyrroles towards the synthesis of polysubstituted 3H-benzo[e]indoles is reported. The transformation was optimized and the best results were obtained by using iodine (1.2 equiv,) in dichloromethane, and potassium carbonate as base. The starting 1,2,3,4-tetrasubstituted pyrroles were efficiently obtained by means of a nickel(II) chloride-promoted four-component (nitromethane, amine, 2-alkynylbenzaldehyde and ethyl acetoacetate) reaction. Further functionalization of the resulting 5-iodoheterocycles was also explored.Fil: Martins, Guilherme M.. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Departamento de Qu ímica; BrasilFil: Zeni, Gilson. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Departamento de Qu ímica; BrasilFil: Back, David F.. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Departamento de Qu ímica; BrasilFil: Kaufman, Teodoro Saul. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Rosario. Instituto de Química Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Silveira, Claudio C.. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Departamento de Qu ímica; Brasi

Thermally driven hydrogen interaction with single-layer graphene on SiO2/Si substrates quantified by isotopic labeling

In the present work, we investigated the interaction of hydrogen with single-layer graphene. Fully hydrogenated monolayer graphene was predicted to be a semiconductor with a bandgap of 3.5 eV in contrast to the metallic behavior of its pristine counterpart. Integration of these materials is a promising approach to develop new electronic devices. Amidst numerous theoretical works evidencing the efficient formation of fully hydrogenated graphene, few experimental studies have tackled this issue. A possible explanation for that is the difficulty to directly quantify hydrogen by usual characterization techniques. Using an isotopically enriched gas in deuterium in conjunction with nuclear reaction analysis, we were able to quantify deuterium deliberately incorporated in graphene as a result of thermal annealing. The highest D areal density obtained following annealing at 800 °C was 3.5 × 1014 D/cm2. This amount corresponds to ∼10% of the carbon atoms in graphene. Spectroscopic results evidence that deuterium is predominantly incorporated in grain boundaries accompanied by rippling and etching of graphene, the latter effect being more pronounced at higher temperatures. Desorption experiments show that hydrogen (deuterium) incorporation is not completely reversible due to the damage induced in the graphene layer through the hydrogen adsorption/desorption cycle