2,559,329 research outputs found
Quantum and Braided Lie Algebras
We introduce the notion of a braided Lie algebra consisting of a
finite-dimensional vector space \CL equipped with a bracket $[\ ,\
]:\CL\tens\CL\to \CL\Psi:\CL\tens\CL\to
\CL\tens\CLU(\CL)R[\ ,\ ]c^{IJ}{}_KRU(\CL)=B(R)\CL\CLU_q(g)[\ ,\ ]\CL\subset
U_q(g)$ given by the quantum adjoint action.Comment: 56 page
Equivalence of quotient Hilbert modules
Let \cl{M} be a Hilbert module of holomorphic functions over a natural
function algebra , where \Omega \subseteq \bb{C}^m is a
bounded domain. Let \cl{M}_0\subseteq \cl{M} be the submodule of functions
vanishing to order on a hypersurface \cl{Z} \subseteq \Omega. We describe
a method, which in principle may be used, to construct a set of complete
unitary invariants for quotient modules \cl{Q}=\cl{M} \ominus \cl{M}_0. The
invariants are given explicitly in the particular case of .Comment: 11 page
Characterization of constitutive and acid-induced outwardly rectifying chloride currents in immortalized mouse distal tubular cells
Thiazides block Na+ reabsorption while enhancing Ca2 + reabsorption in the kidney. As previously demonstrated in immortalized mouse DCT (MDCT) cells, chlorothiazide application induced a robust plasma membrane hyperpolarization, which increased Ca2 + uptake. This essential thiazide-induced hyperpolarization was prevented by the Cl− channel inhibitor 5-Nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid (NPPB), implicating NPPB-sensitive Cl− channels, however the nature of these Cl− channels has been rarely described in the literature. Here we show that MDCT cells express a dominant, outwardly rectifying Cl− current at extracellular pH 7.4. This constitutive Cl− current was more permeable to larger anions (Eisenman sequence I; I− > Br− ≥ Cl−) and was substantially inhibited by > 100 mM [Ca2 +]o, which distinguished it from ClC-K2/Barttin. Moreover, the constitutive Cl− current was blocked by NPPB, along with other Cl− channel inhibitors (DIDS, FFA). Subjecting the MDCT cells to an acidic extracellular solution (pH < 5.5) induced a substantially larger outwardly rectifying NPPB-sensitive Cl− current. This acid-induced Cl− current was also anion permeable (I− > Br− > Cl−), but was distinguished from the constitutive Cl− current by its rectification characteristics, ion sensitivities, and response to FFA. In addition, we have identified similar outwardly rectifying and acid-sensitive currents in immortalized cells from the inner medullary collecting duct (mIMCD-3 cells). Expression of an acid-induced Cl− current would be particularly relevant in the acidic IMCD (pH < 5.5). To our knowledge, the properties of these Cl− currents are unique and provide the mechanisms to account for the Cl− efflux previously speculated to be present in MDCT cells
Conjugacy classes and finite -groups
Let be a finite -group, where is a prime number, and .
Denote by \Cl(a)=\{gag^{-1}\mid g\in G\} the conjugacy class of in .
Assume that |\Cl(a)|=p^n. Then \Cl(a)\Cl(a^{-1})=\{xy\mid x\in \Cl(a), y\in
\Cl(a^{-1})\} is the union of at least distinct conjugacy classes
of
Nonequilibrium gating and voltage dependence of the ClC-0 Cl- channel.
The gating of ClC-0, the voltage-dependent Cl- channel from Torpedo electric organ, is strongly influenced by Cl- ions in the external solution. Raising external Cl- over the range 1-600 mM favors the fast-gating open state and disfavors the slow-gating inactivated state. Analysis of purified single ClC-0 channels reconstituted into planar lipid bilayers was used to identify the role of Cl- ions in the channel's fast voltage-dependent gating process. External, but not internal, Cl- had a major effect on the channel's opening rate constant. The closing rate was more sensitive to internal Cl- than to external Cl-. Both opening and closing rates varied with voltage. A model was derived that postulates (a) that in the channel's closed state, Cl- is accessible to a site located at the outer end of the conduction pore, where it binds in a voltage-independent fashion, (b) that this closed conformation can open, whether liganded by Cl- or not, in a weakly voltage-dependent fashion, (c) that the Cl(-)-liganded closed channel undergoes a conformational change to a different closed state, such that concomitant with this change, Cl- ion moves inward, conferring voltage-dependence to this step, and (d) that this new Cl(-)-liganded closed state opens with a very high rate. According to this picture, Cl- movement within the pre-open channel is the major source of voltage dependence, and charge movement intrinsic to the channel protein contributes very little to voltage-dependent gating of ClC-0. Moreover, since the Cl- activation site is probably located in the ion conduction pathway, the fast gating of ClC-0 is necessarily coupled to ion conduction, a nonequilibrium process
Phase Space Description of the Leading Order Quark and Gluon Production from a Space-Time Dependent Chromofield
We derive source terms for the production of quarks and gluons from the QCD
vacuum in the presence of a space-time dependent external chromofield A_{cl} to
the order of S^{(1)}. We found that the source terms for the parton production
processes A_{cl} -> q\bar{q} and A_{cl},A_{cl}A_{cl} -> gg also include the
annihilation processes q\bar{q} -> A_{cl} and gg -> A_{cl},A_{cl}A_{cl}. The
source terms we derive are applicable for the description of the production of
partons with momentum p larger rhan gA which itself must be larger than
\Lambda_{QCD}. We observe that these source terms for the production of partons
from a space-time dependent chromofield can be used to study the production and
equilibration of the quark-gluon plasma during the very early stages of an
ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collision.Comment: 30 pages latex (single spaced), 7 eps figures, Revised Version, To
appear in Physical Review
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