41 research outputs found
Description générale de l'oniyan
Cette prĂ©sente Ă©tude porte sur la description gĂ©nĂ©rale et lâĂ©tude socio-culturelle de la possession en oniyan. Plus connue sous lâappellation Bassari, cette langue appartient au groupe atlantique Niger-Congo. Au SĂ©nĂ©gal, lâoniyan est parlĂ©e au Sud-Est plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment dans les rĂ©gions de KĂ©dougou et de Tambacounda.
Sâil est vrai quâil existe dĂ©jĂ certaines Ă©tudes concernant les domaines phonologiques, morphologiques et morphophonologiques sur la langue, il est Ă©vident pour moi en tant que linguiste de jeter un regard critique sur les Ă©tudes qui ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©jĂ menĂ©es et dây apporter notre contribution. Cette contribution va au-delĂ de la description tout en mettant lâaccent sur lâaspect socio-culturel de la possession en oniyan Ă travers la langue secrĂšte, l'initiation et la possession spirituelle.
Le travail comporte donc onze chapitres à savoir: (1) Introduction, (2) Phonologie, (3) Morphophonologie, (4) Morphologie nominale, (5) Pronoms, (6) Morphologie verbale, (7) Types de prédications, (8) Autres catégories grammaticales et leurs rÎles syntaxiques, (9) Les idéophones, (10) Topicalisation et focalisation, (11) Possession en oniyan
Effet du greffage horticole et de lâinoculation mycorhizienne sur la croissance du baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) en Moyenne et Haute Casamance (SĂ©nĂ©gal)
Lâobjectif de ce travail est dâĂ©tudier lÂŽeffet du greffage et de lâinoculation mycorhizienne sur la croissance du baobab dans les rĂ©gions de Kolda et de SĂ©dhiou. Pour ce faire, un dispositif experimental en bloc alĂ©atoire complet constituĂ© de quatre traitements sur des plants de baobab (greffĂ© inoculĂ©, greffĂ© non inoculĂ©, non greffĂ© inoculĂ© et non greffĂ© non inoculĂ©) a Ă©tĂ© mis en place dans huit (8) sites. Le greffage a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ© avec la mĂ©thode de fente terminale et lâinoculation avec un mĂ©lange de souches de champignons mycorhriziens arbusculaires (Glomus aggretatum, G. intraradices et G. Fasciculatum) en pĂ©piniĂšre. Deux ans aprĂšs plantation, les traitements ont montrĂ© que les plus gros diamĂštres et le plus grand nombre de rameaux sont obtenus avec les plants greffĂ©s (inoculĂ©s et non inoculĂ©s) alors que les hauteurs les plus Ă©levĂ©es avec ceux non inoculĂ©s (non greffĂ©s et greffĂ©s). Le nombre de feuilles le plus imporatant est observĂ© sur les plants non greffĂ©s non inoculĂ©s. Par ailleurs, des diffĂ©rences significatives entre les sites ont ausssi Ă©tĂ© constatĂ©es. Tel est le cas pour les taux de coissance selon les lequels pour la plupart des sites les plants non greffĂ©es inoculĂ©s donnent les meilleurs rĂ©sultats en hauteur et en diamĂ©tre. Lâinoculation nâa pas eu dâeffet significatif. Les rĂ©sultats de cette Ă©tude contribueront Ă une meilleure maĂźtrise des techniques de raccourcissement du cycle de production du baobab, par consĂ©quent, au dĂ©veloppement de politiques de rajeunissement des parcs Ă baobab au SĂ©nĂ©gal pour mieux rĂ©pondre Ă la demande du marchĂ© national et international de plus en plus croissant.
The aim of this work is to study the effect of grafting and mycorrhizal inoculation on recovery, survival and success rates and on certain baobab growth variables in the Kolda and Sedhiou regions. To do this, a complete randomized experimental block consisting of four treatments on baobab plants (grafted inoculated, grafted uninoculated, ungrafted inoculated and ungrafted uninoculated grafted) was placed in eight (8) sites. Grafting was performed using the terminal slit method and inoculation with a mixture of archaeal mycorrhizal fungi strains (Glomus aggretatum, G. intraradices and G. Fasciculatum) in the nursery. Two years after planting, the largest diameters and the largest number of branches are obtained with the grafted plants (inoculated and uninoculated) whereas the highest heights with those not inoculated (ungrafted and grafted). On the other hand, the number of leaves did not give any significant difference. Moreover, there are significant differences between the sites related inter alia to their mode of management. This is the case of the growth rates, which ungrafted inoculated plants have the more important diameter and height in most of the sites. There is no significant effectâs inoculation. The results of this study will contribute to a better control of the techniques of shortening the cycle of production of baobab by horticultural grafting and, consequently, to the development of rejuvenation policies of baobab parks in Senegal to better meet the demand of the national market and more and more international
Physical and Biochemical Characterization of Sweet Corn Ears of Four Varieties Grown in Senegal
Sweet corn is an underutilized crop for human consumption in Senegal. In this study, physical and biochemical characterization were performed on four sweet corn ear varieties grown at three different fertilization rate of 15N-15-P-15K. Treatment F1 was 40 tons/Ha horse-dung + 200 kg/Ha of 15N-15P-15K, treatment F2 was 30 tons/Ha horse-dung + 150 kg/Ha of 15N-15P-15K) and treatment F3 was 50 tons/Ha horse-dung + 250 kg/Ha of 15N-15P-15K. Results showed that Yosemite cultivar gave the highest number of kernels/ear (672.3), followed respectively by Legacy (642), Excellis Garrison (585.6) and Infinity (573). Furthermore, treatments using fertilizer 3 (F3: 50 tons/Ha horse-dung + 250 kg/Ha of 15N-15P-15K) led to the highest number of kernels/ear in all cultivars used. Interestingly, Legacy cultivar gave more reducing sugars (5.1 ± 0.8 g.100g -1 ) with treatment F1; treatment F3 provided less reducing sugars (2.1 ± 0.6 g.100g -1 ) and more starch (14.4 ± 0.5 g.100g -1 ). Overall, physical and biochemical characteristics were influenced to at least some extent by fertilization treatments related to the cultivar used. Yosemite and Legacy cultivars would be more suitable for canned sweet corn production in the conditions studied. Sangalkam seems to be more suitable for sweet corn production
Human IgG response to a salivary peptide, gSG6-P1, as a new immuno-epidemiological tool for evaluating low-level exposure to Anopheles bites
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Human populations exposed to low malaria transmission present particular severe risks of malaria morbidity and mortality. In addition, in a context of low-level exposure to <it>Anopheles </it>vector, conventional entomological methods used for sampling <it>Anopheles </it>populations are insufficiently sensitive and probably under-estimate the real risk of malaria transmission. The evaluation of antibody (Ab) responses to arthropod salivary proteins constitutes a novel tool for estimating exposure level to insect bites. In the case of malaria, a recent study has shown that human IgG responses to the gSG6-P1 peptide represented a specific biomarker of exposure to <it>Anopheles gambiae </it>bites. The objective of this study was to investigate if this biomarker can be used to estimate low-level exposure of individuals to <it>Anopheles </it>vector.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The IgG Ab level to gSG6-P1 was evaluated at the peak and at the end of the <it>An. gambiae </it>exposure season in children living in Senegalese villages, where the <it>Anophele</it>s density was estimated to be very low by classical entomological trapping but where malaria transmission occurred during the studied season.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Specific IgG responses to gSG6-P1 were observed in children exposed to very low-level of <it>Anopheles </it>bites. In addition, a significant increase in the specific IgG Ab level was observed during the <it>Anopheles </it>exposure season whereas classical entomological data have reported very few or no <it>Anopheles </it>during the studied period. Furthermore, this biomarker may also be applicable to evaluate the heterogeneity of individual exposure.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The results strengthen the hypothesis that the evaluation of IgG responses to gSG6-P1 during the season of exposure could reflect the real human contact with anthropophilic <it>Anopheles </it>and suggest that this biomarker of low exposure could be used at the individual level. This promising immuno-epidemiological marker could represent a useful tool to assess the risk to very low exposure to malaria vectors as observed in seasonal, urban, altitude or travellers contexts. In addition, this biomarker could be used for the surveillance survey after applying anti-vector strategy.</p
Analyse physico-chimique de lâeau de lâunitĂ© dâhĂ©modialyse du chr de Saint- Louis (SĂ©nĂ©gal)
Lâinsuffisance rĂ©nale chronique est un des problĂšmes majeurs de la santĂ© publique dans le monde. Au SĂ©nĂ©gal, une Ă©tude rĂ©cente rĂ©alisĂ©e dans la population gĂ©nĂ©rale adulte avait retrouvĂ© une prĂ©valence de lâordre de 6,1%. «Lâeau pour dilution de concentrĂ©es dâhĂ©modialyse» est produite en continue et utilisĂ©e en grande quantitĂ© chez lâhĂ©modialysĂ© chronique, donc il apparaĂźt primordial de veiller Ă sa bonne qualitĂ©. Au SĂ©nĂ©gal, aucune Ă©tude nâa Ă©tĂ© faite Ă ce jour pour Ă©valuer lâefficacitĂ© du systĂšme de traitement de lâeau pour dilution des concentrĂ©s de dialyse dans les diffĂ©rents centres de dialyse du pays. Lâobjectif de ce travail est de contrĂŽler lâefficacitĂ© du systĂšme de traitement de lâeau pour dilution de concentrĂ©es dâhĂ©modialyse afin de sâassurer de son innocuitĂ©. Les prĂ©lĂšvements ont Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©s au niveau de trois points clĂ©s du circuit de traitement de lâeau pour hĂ©modialyse. A lâentrĂ©e et Ă la sortie de lâosmoseur, Ă la sortie de la boucle de distribution. Les analyses ont Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©es Ă lâaide dâĂ©lectrodes spĂ©cifiques. Les valeurs de potentiels ont permis de tracer les courbes dâĂ©talonnage. La dĂ©termination par rĂ©gression des pentes et des ordonnĂ©es Ă lâorigine de la relation de Nernst donne E(mV ) = B - A Log Cm avec des coefficients de corrĂ©lation variant entre 0,988 et 0,999 prouvant que 98% au moins des variations de tensions mesurĂ©es (E) sont attribuables Ă la concentration. Lâanalyse physico-chimique des teneurs en chlorures, nitrates et fluorures rĂ©vĂšle des teneurs plus Ă©levĂ©es Ă lâentrĂ©e de lâosmoseur quâĂ la sortie. Ces basses valeurs dĂ©coulent du rĂŽle de lâosmoseur qui filtre une grande partie des électrolytes. Par contre, Ă la sortie de la boucle de distribution les teneurs en Ă©lectrolytes des diffĂ©rents échantillons Ă©taient plus importantes que celles Ă la sortie de lâosmoseur. Cette forte concentration en électrolytes atteste dâune pollution par la boucle de distribution de lâeau dĂ©jĂ filtrĂ©e par lâosmoseur. LâintĂ©rĂȘt de cette Ă©tude rĂ©side dans le fait quâelle met en lumiĂšre lâimportance du contrĂŽle de la qualitĂ© de lâeau pour lâhĂ©modialyse et la nĂ©cessitĂ© dâun bon planning de maintenance prĂ©ventive efficace de lâensemble de la boucle de traitement dâeau au sein de chaque centre.© 2016 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Mots clĂ©s: HĂ©modialyse, eau, chlorures, fluorures, nitrates, Ă©lectrodes spĂ©cifiquesEnglish Title: Physicochemical analysis of SaintâLouis regional hospitalâs hemodialysis unitâs water (Senegal)English AbstractChronic kidney disease is a major public health problem worldwide. In Senegal, a recent study in the general adult population found a prevalence of about 6,1%. "Water for diluting concentrated hemodialysis" is produced and used continuously at high levels in hemodialysis chronic. It is therefore essential to ensure its quality. In Senegal, no study has been done to assess the effectiveness of water treatment system for dialysis concentrates dilution in different dialysis centers of the country. The objective of this work is to monitor the effectiveness of the water treatment system for hemodialysis concentrated dilution to ensure its safety. The samples were taken on key issues of hemodialysis waterâs treatment circuit. Three levels of sampling were selected. At the entrance and at the outlet of the reverse osmosis unit at the outlet of the distribution loop. Analyses were performed using specific electrodes. Potential values allowed us to map the calibration curves. Determination by regression of slopes and intercepts of the Nernst relation gives with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.988 to 0.999 showing that at least 98% of the measured voltages fluctuations (E) are attributable to the concentration. Physicochemical analysis of the levels of chlorides, nitrates and fluorides reveals higher levels at the entrance of the reverse osmosis unit than at the outlet. These low values resulting of the role of reverse osmosis which filter much of the electrolytes. For against, at the outlet of the distribution loop the electrolyte content of the different samples were greater than those at the outlet of the reverse osmosis unit. This high electrolyte concentration attests to pollution of the water distribution loop already filtered by reverse osmosis. The interest of this study lies in the fact that it highlights the importance of monitoring the quality of water for hemodialysis and the need for good planning for effective preventive maintenance throughout the water treatment loop within each center.© 2016 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Hemodialysis, water, nitrates, fluoride, chloride, specific electrode
The Tostan program: Evaluation of a community based education program in Senegal
This operations research project evaluated the effect and impact of a basic education program, developed by TOSTAN, a nongovernmental organization based at ThiĂšs, Senegal. The basic education program consisted of four modules: hygiene, problem-solving, womenâs health, and human rights. Through these four themes, emphasis was placed on enabling the participants, who were mostly women, to analyze their own situation more effectively and thus find the best solutions for themselves. The GTZ Supra Regional Project for the Elimination of Female Genital Cutting funded implementation of the program in 90 villages in Kolda Region, and the Population Councilâs Frontiers in Reproductive Health Program, with funding from USAID, used this opportunity to evaluate the program in 20 villages. The program was able to bring about a social change within the community and to mobilize the villagers for better environmental hygiene, and respect for human rights and improvement of health, as well as specifically reducing support for and practice of FGC
Facteurs associés à la dissociation immunovirologique chez les patients infectés par le VIH-1 sous traitement antirétroviral hautement actif au Centre de Traitement Ambulatoire (CTA) de Dakar
Introduction: L'objectif de ce travail Ă©tait d'Ă©valuer les diffĂ©rents facteurs associĂ©s Ă la dissociation immunovirologique malgrĂ© un traitement antirĂ©troviral hautement actif et efficace.MĂ©thodes: Il s'agissait d'une Ă©tude de cohorte historique, descriptive et analytique faite Ă partir de dossiers de patients infectĂ©s par le VIH-1; sous traitement antirĂ©troviral depuis au moins 12 mois, suivis dans la cohorte du CTA de 2001 Ă 2011 et ayant une charge virale indĂ©tectable depuis 6 mois.RĂ©sultats: Durant cette pĂ©riode d'Ă©tude de 10 ans, la prĂ©valence de la DIV Ă©tait de 19,3%. Le sexe fĂ©minin Ă©tait prĂ©dominant avec un sexe ratio de 1,9. La dissociation immunovirologique a Ă©tĂ© plus frĂ©quemment rencontrĂ©e chez les patients de sexe masculin (29,7% vs 14,1%) avec une diffĂ©rence statistiquement significative (p = 0,00006). L'Ăąge mĂ©dian Ă©tait de 44 ans ± 10 ans. Un antĂ©cĂ©dent de tuberculose a Ă©tĂ© retrouvĂ© dans environ un tiers des cas (31,4%). La dissociation immunovirologique Ă©tait significativement plus frĂ©quente chez les patients ayant un antĂ©cĂ©dent de tuberculose (p = 0,00005). La plupart des patients (68%) Ă©tait au stade SIDA 3 ou 4 de l'OMS. Les patients ayant une dissociation immunovirologique Ă©taient plus souvent aux stades 3 et 4 de l'OMS (p = 0,0001). La dĂ©nutrition a Ă©tĂ© notĂ©e dans plus de la moitiĂ© des cas (56,2%) et la dissociation immunovirologique prĂ©dominait chez les patients dĂ©nutris (p=0,005). Le taux moyen de lymphocytes TCD4+ Ă©tait de 86,7± 83 cellules / mm3. La dissociation immunovirologique Ă©tait plus frĂ©quente chez les patients ayant un taux de lymphocytes TCD4 bas Ă l'initiation avec une diffĂ©rence statistiquement significative (p = 0,00000). En analyse multivariĂ©e; Seuls l'Ăąge supĂ©rieur ou Ă©gal Ă 43 ans, le taux de CD4 initial < 100 c/mm3 et le sexe masculin Ă©taient significativement associĂ©s Ă cette dissociation immunovirologique.Conclusion: Les principaux facteurs associĂ©s Ă la dissociation immunovirologique Ă©tant Ă©valuĂ©s, d'autres Ă©tudes portant sur ce groupe mĂ©riteraient d'ĂȘtre envisagĂ©es afin de connaitre l'impact de cette rĂ©ponse immunologique partielle sur la survenue d'infections opportunistes ou bien la mise en place d'une trithĂ©rapie spĂ©cifique uniquement dans le but d'avoir une restauration immunologique optimale.Mots clĂ©s: Dissociation, immunovirologique, VIH, DakarEnglish Title: Factors associated with immunovirologic dissociation in HIV-1-infected patients under highly active antiretroviral therapy in the Ambulatory Treatment Center (ATC) in DakarEnglish AbstractIntroduction: the objective of this work is to evaluate the different factors associated with immunovirologic dissociation despite highly active and effective antiretroviral treatment.Methods: we conducted a retrospective, cohort, descriptive and analytical study of the medical records of HIV-1 infected patients having received at least 12 months of antiretroviral therapy, followed in the ATC cohort from 2001 to 2011 and with undetectable viral load in the last 6 months.Results: during this 10-year study period, the prevalence of IVD was 19.3%. Female sex was predominant, with a sex ratio of 1.9. Immunovirologic dissociation was more frequent in male patients (29.7% vs 14.1%) with a statistically significant difference (p = 0,00006). The average age was 44 years ± 10 years. A history of tuberculosis was found in about a third of the cases (31.4%). Immunovirologic dissociation was significantly more frequent in patients with a history of tuberculosis (p = 0.00005). Most patients (68%) had AIDS at WHO clinical stages 3 or 4. Patients with immunovirologic dissociation were more often in WHO clinical stages 3 and 4 (p = 0.0001). More than half of the cases (56.2%) were found to be malnourished and immunovirologic dissociation was prevalent in malnourished patients (p=0.005). The mean CD4+ T lymphocytes counts was 86.7± 83 cells / mm3. Immunovirologic dissociation was more frequent in patients with initial low CD4+ T lymphocyte counts and with a statistically significant difference (p = 0.00000). By multivariate analysis, only age greater than or equal to 43 years, CD4 initial counts < 100 c/mm3 and male sex were significantly associated with this immunovirologic dissociation.Conclusion: our study assessed the main factors associated with immunovirologic dissociation. Other studies of this nature would also merit consideration in order to highlight the impact of this partial immune response on the emergence of opportunistic infections or the implementation of a specific tritherapy for the sole purpose of producing fully successful immune restoration.Keywords: Dissociation, immunovirologic, HIV, Daka
Politiques commerciales, intégration régionale et distribution de revenus au Sénégal
NumĂ©ro de projet reliĂ© au soutien financier du CRDI n'a pu ĂȘtre dĂ©termin
Détermination du débit de filtration glomérulaire au cours de la drépanocytose au Sénégal: Schwartz, Cockcroft et Gault, MDRD, CKD-EPI ou JSCCS ?
La dĂ©termination du DĂ©bit de Filtration GlomĂ©rulaire (DFG) est importante chez les drĂ©panocytaires du fait quâils constituent un groupe de patients chez lesquels des atteintes rĂ©nales sont frĂ©quemment dĂ©crites notamment lâhyperfiltration glomĂ©rulaire. DĂšs lors, Ă une Ă©poque oĂč les calculateurs en ligne proposent simultanĂ©ment diffĂ©rentes formules de dĂ©termination du DFG, il serait important dâĂ©valuer au sein dâune population noire africaine drĂ©panocytaire lâĂ©quivalence entre ces formules qui ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©es et validĂ©es sur des populations caucasiennes et afro-amĂ©ricaines Ă DFG normal ou diminuĂ©. Ainsi cette Ă©tude avait pour but dâĂ©valuer lâinterchangeabilitĂ© des diffĂ©rentes formules de dĂ©termination du DFG en les appliquant Ă des drĂ©panocytaires. Des enfants et adultes sĂ©nĂ©galais drĂ©panocytaires homozygotes ont Ă©tĂ© alors recrutĂ©s et leur DFG calculĂ©. La frĂ©quence de lâhyperfiltration glomĂ©rulaire et celle de lâinsuffisance rĂ©nale ont Ă©tĂ© calculĂ©es Ă partir des rĂ©sultats obtenus avec les formules de Schwartz et du CKD-EPI. La concordance des diffĂ©rentes formules a Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©e avec la mĂ©thode Bland-Altman. Au total 56 adultes et 62 enfants ont Ă©tĂ© inclus dans lâĂ©tude. Lâinsuffisance rĂ©nale a Ă©tĂ© notĂ©e chez 1,78% des adultes et 9,68% des enfants ; lâhyperfiltration glomĂ©rulaire chez 66,10% des adultes et 25,8% des enfants. Par rapport aux formules de rĂ©fĂ©rence (CKD-EPI, Schwartz), tous les biais relevĂ©s Ă©taient significativement diffĂ©rents de zĂ©ro Ă lâexception de celui de Cockcroftet Gault qui Ă©tait statistiquement nul. Les limites de concordance Ă©taient toutes inacceptablement larges par rapport aux limites attendues Ă lâexception de celles du CKD-EPI sans ajustement sur la race. Ainsi, la formule de Schwartz nâĂ©tait pas interchangeable avec celle du JSCCS chez les enfants, tout comme celle du CKD-EPI ne lâĂ©tait pas non plus avec celles du JSCCS, de Cockcroft, du MDRD ou du CKD-EPI sans ajustement sur la race chez les adultes drĂ©panocytaires.
English title: Determination of glomerular filtration rate in sickle cell disease in Senegal: Schwartz, Cockcroft and Gault, MDRD, CKD-EPI or JSCCS?
Determination of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is important in patients living with sickle cell disease (SCD) because they constitute a group of patients where kidney dysfunction is frequently described, in particular glomerular hyperfiltration. Therefore, at a time when online calculators simultaneously propose different formulas to estimate GFR, it would be important to evaluate in a black African population living with SCD the equivalence between these formulas which have been developed and validated on Caucasian and African American populations with normal or decreased GFR. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate interchangeability of different GFR formulas in a group of patients living with SCD. Homozygous Senegalese sickle cell children and adults were then recruited and their GFR computed using Schwartz and JSCCS in children, Cockcroft and Gault, CKD-EPI with and without adjustment for ethnicity, MDRD and JSCCS formulas in adults. The frequency of glomerular hyperfiltration and renal failure was computed based on the results generated using Schwartz and CKD-EPI formulas. The agreement between formulas was assessed with BlandAltman method. A total of 56 adults and 62 children were included in this study. Renal failure was observed in 1.78% of adults and 9.68% of children; glomerular hyperfiltration in 66.10% of adults and 25.8% of children. Compared with reference formulas (CKD-EPI, Schwartz), all biases found were significantly different from zero except for Cockcroft and Gault formula bias, which was statistically zero. The limits of agreement were all unacceptably wide compared with the expected limits with the exception of CKD-EPI without adjustment for ethnicity. Thus, Schwartz formula would not be interchangeable with JSCCS formula in children, nor was the CKD-EPI formula interchangeable with the JSCCS, Cockcroft and Gault, MDRD or CKD-EPI without adjustment for ethnicity formulas in adults living with sickle cell anemia