268 research outputs found

    Pauvreté et distribution de revenus au Sénégal: une approche par la modélisation en équilibre général calculable micro-simulé

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    La nouvelle orientation de la politique Ă©conomique au SĂ©nĂ©gal vise Ă  accroĂźtre les revenus des pauvres et Ă  attaquer la pauvretĂ© lĂ  oĂč elle est principalement localisĂ©e. La stratĂ©gie de rĂ©duction de la pauvretĂ© va ĂȘtre mise en oeuvre dans un contexte de libĂ©ralisation des Ă©changes commerciaux internationaux notamment dans le secteur agricole. Dans ce contexte, nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© un modĂšle d'Ă©quilibre gĂ©nĂ©ral calculable micro-simulĂ© multi-mĂ©nages du type DecaluwĂ© et al. (1999) permettant d'Ă©valuer l'impact que pourront avoir ces politiques agricoles Ă  l'Ă©chelle des mĂ©nages et de faire le lien entre ces rĂ©formes Ă©conomiques, la pauvretĂ© et la distribution de revenu. Ce modĂšle offre beaucoup de flexibilitĂ© en permettant notamment de modifier la distribution des groupes cibles qui n'ont pas Ă  ĂȘtre revenus avant l'exercice de simulation afin d'effectuer l'analyse de pauvretĂ© et d'inĂ©galitĂ© ex post Ă  l'exercice de modĂ©lisation. Dans ce travail, nous avons Ă©galement comparĂ© les effets en terme d'analyse de pauvretĂ© et d'inĂ©galitĂ© entre une distribution paramĂ©trique (Dagum, 3 paramĂštres) et une distribution non-paramĂ©trique et montrĂ© que ce choix engendrait des diffĂ©rences significatives quant aux effets sur la pauvretĂ©. Contrairement aux applications faite par DecaluwĂ© et al. (1999) et Cockburn (2002) au NĂ©pal, les impacts sur la pauvretĂ© sont assez importants, ce qui montre que cette approche offre un outil riche permettant d'Ă©valuer l'impact de politiques Ă©conomiques ou chocs externes sur la pauvretĂ© et la distribution de revenu.ModĂšle d'Ă©quilibre gĂ©nĂ©ral calculable, micro-simulation, analyse de pauvretĂ©, distribution de revenu

    Pratiques de production et caracteristiques physiques et chimiques du shĂŽ basi, un ouscous de niebe (Vigna unguiculata) produit au Mali

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    En Afrique de l’Ouest, le niĂ©bĂ© est transformĂ© en plusieurs produits dont le plus largement consommĂ© au Mali est un produit granulĂ© cuit Ă  la vapeur et dĂ©nommĂ© couscous de niĂ©bĂ© ou ShĂŽ basi en Bambara. La qualitĂ© organoleptique du ShĂŽ basi est variable, probablement du fait de la diversitĂ© des pratiques de production. La prĂ©sente Ă©tude vise Ă  dĂ©terminer les pratiques et contraintes de production et les caractĂ©ristiques physico-chimiques du ShĂŽ basi tel qu’il est vendu sur le marchĂ© malien. Pour ce faire, une enquĂȘte a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e au Sud du Mali auprĂšs de dix-huit (18) coopĂ©ratives de productrices de ShĂŽ basi constituĂ©es de 8 Ă  32 membres chacune. Dix-huit Ă©chantillons de ShĂŽ basi collectĂ©s auprĂšs des coopĂ©ratives enquĂȘtĂ©es ont Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©s au plan physico-chimique. L’enquĂȘte rĂ©vĂšle que la production de ShĂŽ basi est rĂ©alisĂ©e exclusivement par des femmes majoritairement mariĂ©es, non ou peu alphabĂ©tisĂ©es et ĂągĂ©es de 20 Ă  59 ans. Les principales variĂ©tĂ©s de niĂ©bĂ© utilisĂ©es pour la production sont sangaraka et wilibali qui appartiennent Ă  l’espĂšce Vigna unguiculata. Elles sont toutes les deux caractĂ©risĂ©es par une couleur blanche ou crĂšme. Le ShĂŽ basi est produit Ă  partir d’un procĂ©dĂ© prĂ©sentant deux variantes technologiques majeures dont l’une implique le dĂ©corticage humide total (VDT) et la seconde le dĂ©corticage Ă  sec partiel (VDP) du niĂ©bĂ©. IndĂ©pendamment des deux variantes technologiques, le ShĂŽ basi de bonne qualitĂ© devrait selon les enquĂȘtĂ©s avoir une couleur claire, une texture molle dans la bouche, une granulomĂ©trie uniforme avec une absence d’odeur et de goĂ»t de niĂ©bĂ©. Les deux types de ShĂŽ basi dĂ©rivĂ©s des deux variantes technologiques prĂ©sentent des teneurs en protĂ©ines (25,0 g/100g), en polyphĂ©nols (24,3 mg/100g) et un degrĂ© de gonflement similaires. Cependant, le ShĂŽ basi obtenu par la variante VDP est moins claire mais plus riches en fibres, en minĂ©raux totaux avec des granulĂ©s plus fins. Le dĂ©corticage du niĂ©bĂ©, la granulation de la farine, la cuisson Ă  la vapeur et le sĂ©chage constituent les principales contraintes Ă  la production Ă  grande Ă©chelle et Ă  la standardisation de la qualitĂ© du ShĂŽ basi au Mali

    Dépenses publiques d'éducation et équité au Sénégal

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    Main results of the ANR SO-DRIIHM open science project

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    Le but de ce symposium est de : -Promouvoir la science ouverte et encourager les pratiques scientifiques, montrant les dĂ©fis et les avantages de structurer, accĂ©der, partager et ouvrir les donnĂ©es de la recherche. -AmĂ©liorer l’infrastructure existante du DRIIHM pour une infrastructure Ă©lectronique plus conviviale et interopĂ©rable avec de nouvelles fonctionnalitĂ©s qui seront priorisĂ©es selon aux attentes et motivations des utilisateur

    CRISPR System Acquisition and Evolution of an Obligate Intracellular Chlamydia-Related Bacterium.

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    Recently, a new Chlamydia-related organism, Protochlamydia naegleriophila KNic, was discovered within a Naegleria amoeba. To decipher the mechanisms at play in the modeling of genomes from the Protochlamydia genus, we sequenced the full genome of Pr. naegleriophila, which includes a 2,885,090 bp chromosome and a 145,285 bp megaplasmid. For the first time within the Chlamydiales order, we describe the presence of a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system, the immune system of bacteria, located on the chromosome. It is composed of a small CRISPR locus comprising eight repeats and associated cas-cse genes of the subtype I-E. A CRISPR locus is also present within Chlamydia sp. Diamant, another Pr. naegleriophila strain, suggesting that the CRISPR system was acquired by a common ancestor of Pr. naegleriophila, after its divergence from Pr. amoebophila. Both nucleotide bias and comparative genomics approaches identified probable horizontal gene acquisitions within two and four genomic islands in Pr. naegleriophila KNic and Diamant genomes, respectively. The plasmid encodes an F-type conjugative system highly similar to 1) that found in the Pam100G genomic island of Pr. amoebophila UWE25 chromosome, as well as on the plasmid of Rubidus massiliensis and 2) to the three genes remaining in the chromosome of Parachlamydia acanthamoebae strains. Therefore, this conjugative system was likely acquired on an ancestral plasmid before the divergence of Parachlamydiaceae Overall, this new complete Pr. naegleriophila genome sequence enables further investigation of the dynamic processes shaping the genomes of the family Parachlamydiaceae and the genus Protochlamydia

    Efficiency of common washing treatments in reducing microbial levels on lettuce in Mali

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    Lettuce is one of the most cultivated vegetables (eaten raw) in Mali with a percentage of 69.4 amongst leafy vegetables and 30.4 of all vegetables. Vegetables consumed raw, particularly lettuce, are sources of foodborne pathogens. This study was conducted to assess bacterial contamination of unwashed lettuce and the efficiency of disinfecting it with tap water and varying concentrations of some chemical disinfectants: bleach (0.00285, 0.00570 and 0.00855 ppm), potassium permanganate (170, 340 and 510 ppm), vinegar (0.00285, 0.00570 and 0.00855 ppm) and common salt (500, 1000 and 1500 ppm) based on the three consecutive washing protocol recommended for vegetables in Mali. Lettuce samples were randomly selected from farms irrigated with untreated river water within communities five and six in Bamako. Lettuce leaves were exposed to low concentration of the chemical disinfectants at 15 min, intermediate at 10 min and high at 5 min. A bleach (0.00285 ppm)/vinegar (0.00285 ppm) combination disinfection was also tested at 15 min. Tap water, bleach, potassium permanganate, vinegar and common salt reduced faecal coliform populations by 1.3–2.9, 1.5–3.0 and 1.9–3.5 log CFU/100 g, at 5, 10 and 15 min, respectively. Disinfection treatment using bleach (0.00285 ppm) was found to be more effective than other disinfectants at all contact times. All the disinfectants reduced Escherichia coli populations by 2.0–2.8 log CFU/100 g on lettuce and completely eliminated Salmonella spp. at all treatment contact times. Disinfection treatment using bleach/vinegar combination at 15 min also reduced faecal coliform populations on lettuce by 2.8 log CFU/100 g and completely eliminated E. coli and Salmonella spp. All chemical disinfectants including tap water at 15 min reduced faecal coliform populations below the undesirable ICMSF (2011) level (1000 CFU/100 g wet weight). These could contribute to reduce the health risk associated with the consumption of lettuce in Mali

    Profil Epidémiologique Des Risques Sanitaires Associés A La Fabrication Artisanale De Marmites En Aluminium A Saki Au Nigeria En 2016

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    L’étude a pour objectif d’analyser les risques sanitaires liĂ©s Ă  la fabrication artisanale de marmites Ă  partir de piĂšces de rechange en aluminium usagĂ©es rĂ©cupĂ©rĂ©es et fondues Ă  Saki au NigĂ©ria. Il s’agit d’une Ă©tude transversale descriptive Ă  visĂ©e analytique rĂ©alisĂ©e dans des ateliers de fonderie artisanale. Elle a durĂ© 30 jours et a portĂ© sur les fabricants. Tous ceux qui ont acceptĂ© participer librement Ă  l’étude ont Ă©tĂ© enquĂȘtĂ©s. Les donnĂ©es ont Ă©tĂ© collectĂ©es grĂące Ă  un questionnaire. Elles ont Ă©tĂ© traitĂ©es par le logiciel Épi Info 7.2. Le test x2 a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ© pour la comparaison de variables. Le taux de participation Ă©tait 95,2%. Tous les enquĂȘtĂ©s Ă©taient de sexe masculin avec une moyenne d’ñge 28,64 ± 13,29 ans. La tranche d’ñge 8-18 ans Ă©taient plus reprĂ©sentĂ©e. Les fabricants de marmites ne faisaient pas usage d’équipement de protection individuelle adaptĂ©. Ils souffraient de TMS et presque tous (96, 20%) ont Ă©tĂ© victimes d’accidents du travail. Étaient aussi Ă©voquĂ©s la toux (57,59%), l’éternuement (54,43%), le larmoiement (55,06%), des macules cutanĂ©es (53,80%). Les fondeurs d’aluminium de Saki sont victimes de nombreuses pathologies et exposĂ©s Ă  des risques sanitaires. The aim of the study isto analyze the health risks associated with homemade cooking pots from used aluminum spare parts recovered and melted in Saki, Nigeria. It was a descriptive, cross-sectional study for analytical purposes conducted in artisanal foundry workshops. It lasted 30 days and focused on the manufacturers. All who agreed to participate freely in the study were surveyed. The data was collected through a questionnaire. They were processed by the Epi Info 7.2 software. The x2 test was used for the comparison of variables. The participation rate was 95.2%. All were males of average age 28.64 ± 13.29 years. The age group 8-18 years were more represented. Nobody made use of suitable personal protective equipment. All had MSDs and almost all (96, 20%) were victims of work-related accidents. Cough (57.59%), sneezing (54.43%), watery eyes (55.06%) and skin macules (53.80%) were also mentioned. Many health risks are linked to the handcrafting of aluminum pots in Saki. &nbsp

    Nuclear target search at the single molecule level: protein interactions define the exploration landscape

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    Gene regulation relies on highly mobile transcription factors (TFs) exploring the nucleoplasm in search of their targets. Our view of the nucleus has evolved from that of an isotropic and homogenous reactor to that of a highly organized yet very dynamic organelle. However important questions remain on how these regulatory factors explore the nuclear environment in search of their DNA or protein targets, and how their exploration strategy affects the kinetics of transcriptional regulation. We implemented a single-molecule tracking assay to determine the TFs dynamics using photoactivatable tags in human cells. We investigated the mobility of several nuclear proteins, including the transcription factor c-Myc and the elongation factor P-TEFb. We found that, while their diffusion speed was comparable, these proteins largely differed in terms of their exploration geometry. We discovered that c-Myc is a global explorer diffusing in the nucleus without spatial constraints. In contrast, the positive transcription elongation factor P-TEFb is a local explorer that oversamples its environment, constrained by a fractal nuclear architecture. Consequently, each c-Myc molecule is equally available for all nuclear sites while P-TEFb reaches its targets in a position-dependent manner. We also measured the mobility of a P-TEFb mutant in which the interaction with the CTD of the RNA Pol II was truncated. In this case, the single-molecule experiments suggested a global exploration of the P-TEFb mutant, consistent with free diffusion. Our observations are in line with a model in which the exploration geometry of TFs is constrained by their interactions and not by exclusion properties. Our findings have strong implications on how proteins react in the nucleus and how their function can be regulated in space and time

    Participatory Evaluation of Sorghum Processing and Sensory Attributes in Mali: Methodology for Improving Food Security Outcomes from Variety Development Efforts

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    A requirement for the successful development of new sorghum varieties in Mali is effective evaluation of grain qualities, since sorghum is a staple food crop on which farmers rely for food security. The diversity of grain quality and social aspects that determine varietal acceptability for processing and cooking, however, make this a challenging task. As the processors of sorghum grain in households, women’s knowledge of grain quality traits can contribute to this work. Our objective is to understand opportunities to use grain quality traits to identify experimental varieties that may contribute to food security. Culinary evaluations were conducted in nine villages across two sorghum production zones. Three teams of women, one per replicate, processed, cooked and evaluated five test varieties in each village. Sensory evaluations were conducted by 25 taste testers per village. The major varietal differences observed included the decortication losses, women’s appreciation for ease of processing, and consistency of the prepared food. The participatory evaluation of the quality testing results led to the development of the concept of ‘food yield’. Discussion of these results focuses on designing cost-efficient grain and food quality evaluations that rely on women’s expertise as processors and strengthens their role in the variety development process
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