15 research outputs found

    Carbon Finance Schemes - Incentives for Forest and Agroforestry Systems

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    Deforestation contributes a quarter of all anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. On the island of Sulawesi in the vicinity of the Lore Lindu National Park, smallholders contribute to deforestation processes with their agricultural practices, specifically with cocoa plantations. This study assesses the impact of carbon sequestration payments for forest management systems on the prevailing land use systems. Additionally, the level of incentives which induces farmers to adopt sustainable agroforestry practices is determined. We show that low carbon credit prices have a small impact on household income. However, with rising prices, the poorest households can realise an increase of 18 percent. The majority of the households have an incentive to adopt the more sustainable shade intensive agroforestry system and stop deforestation activities with prices observed on markets. The cost-efficiency of avoided deforestation, compared to biofuels, is demonstrated. The study shows that forestry activities provide an important opportunity as climate mitigation strategies

    Could carbon payments be a solution to deforestation? Empirical evidence from Indonesia

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    Up to 25 percent of all anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are caused by deforestation, and Indonesia is the third largest emitter worldwide due to land use change and deforestation. On the island of Sulawesi in the vicinity of the Lore Lindu National Park, smallholders contribute to conversion processes at the forest margin as a result of their agricultural practices. Specifically the area dedicated to cocoa plantations has increased from zero in 1979 to nearly 18,000 hectares in 2001. Some of these plots have been established inside the 220,000 hectares of the National Park. An intensification process is observed with a consequent reduction of the shade tree density. This study focuses on the impact of carbon sequestration payments for forest management systems on smallholder households. The level of incentives is determined which motivates farmers to desist from further deforestation and land use intensification activities. Household behaviour and resource allocation is analysed with a comparative static linear programming model. As these models prove to be a reliable tool for policy analysis, the output can indicate the adjustments in resource allocation and land use shifts when introducing compensation payments. The data was collected in a household survey in six villages around the Lore Lindu National Park. Four household categories were identified according to their dominant agroforestry systems. With carbon credit prices up to €32 tCO2e-1 an incentive can be provided for the majority of the households to adopt the more sustainable shade intensive agroforestry systems. The results show that with current carbon prices the deforestation activities of the majority of households could be stopped. A win-win situation seems to appear, whereby, when targeting only the shade intensive agroforestry systems with carbon payments, the poorest households economically benefit the most, the vicious circle of deforestation can be interrupted and land use systems with high environmental benefits are promoted.Payments for Environmental Services, Avoided Deforestation, Linear Programming, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

    Payments for environmental services : incentives through carbon sequestration compensation for cocoa-based agroforestry systems in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

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    Up to 25 percent of all anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are caused by deforestation, and Indonesia is the third largest greenhouse gas emitter worldwide due to land use change and deforestation. On the island of Sulawesi in the vicinity of the Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP), many smallholders contribute to conversion processes at the forest margin as a result of their agricultural practices. Specifically the area dedicated to cocoa plantations has increased from zero (1979) to nearly 18,000 hectares (2001). Some of these plots have been established inside the 220,000 hectares of the LLNP. An intensification process is observed with a consequent reduction of the shade tree density. This study assesses which impact carbon sequestration payments for forest management systems have on the prevailing land use systems. Additionally, the level of incentives is determined which motivates farmers to desist from further deforestation and land use intensification activities. Household behaviour and resource allocation is analysed with a comparative static linear programming model. As these models prove to be a reliable tool for policy analysis, the output can indicate the adjustments in resource allocation and land use shifts when introducing compensation payments. The data was collected in a household survey in six villages around the LLNP. Four household categories are identified according to their dominant agroforestry systems. These range from low intensity management with a high degree of shading to highly intensified shade free systems. At the plot level, the payments from carbon sequestration are the highest for the full shade cocoa agroforestry system, but with low carbon prices of € 5 tCO2e-1 these constitute 5 percent of the cocoa gross margin. Focusing on the household level, however, an increase of up to 18 percent of the total gross margin can be realised. Furthermore, for differentiated carbon prices up to € 32 tCO2e-1 the majority of the households have an incentive to adopt the more sustainable shade intensive agroforestry system. A win-win situation seems to appear, whereby, when targeting only the shade intensive agroforestry systems with carbon payments, the poorest households economically benefit the most and land use systems with high environmental benefits are promoted.payments for environmental services, carbon sequestration, agroforestry systems, cocoa, linear programming, economic incentives, poverty, Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use,

    Payments for environmental services : incentives through carbon sequestration compensation for cocoa-based agroforestry systems in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

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    Up to 25 percent of all anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are caused by deforestation, and Indonesia is the third largest greenhouse gas emitter worldwide due to land use change and deforestation. On the island of Sulawesi in the vicinity of the Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP), many smallholders contribute to conversion processes at the forest margin as a result of their agricultural practices. Specifically the area dedicated to cocoa plantations has increased from zero (1979) to nearly 18,000 hectares (2001). Some of these plots have been established inside the 220,000 hectares of the LLNP. An intensification process is observed with a consequent reduction of the shade tree density. This study assesses which impact carbon sequestration payments for forest management systems have on the prevailing land use systems. Additionally, the level of incentives is determined which motivates farmers to desist from further deforestation and land use intensification activities. Household behaviour and resource allocation is analysed with a comparative static linear programming model. As these models prove to be a reliable tool for policy analysis, the output can indicate the adjustments in resource allocation and land use shifts when introducing compensation payments. The data was collected in a household survey in six villages around the LLNP. Four household categories are identified according to their dominant agroforestry systems. These range from low intensity management with a high degree of shading to highly intensified shade free systems. At the plot level, the payments from carbon sequestration are the highest for the full shade cocoa agroforestry system, but with low carbon prices of ? 5 tCO2e-1 these constitute 5 percent of the cocoa gross margin. Focusing on the household level, however, an increase of up to 18 percent of the total gross margin can be realised. Furthermore, for differentiated carbon prices up to ? 32 tCO2e-1 the majority of the households have an incentive to adopt the more sustainable shade intensive agroforestry system. A win-win situation seems to appear, whereby, when targeting only the shade intensive agroforestry systems with carbon payments, the poorest households economically benefit the most and land use systems with high environmental benefits are promoted

    Climate-Smart Landscapes: Opportunities and Challenges for Integrating Adaptation and Mitigation in Tropical Agriculture

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    Addressing the global challenges of climate change, food security, and poverty alleviation requires enhancing the adaptive capacity and mitigation potential of agricultural landscapes across the tropics. However, adaptation and mitigation activities tend to be approached separately due to a variety of technical, political, financial, and socioeconomic constraints. Here, we demonstrate that many tropical agricultural systems can provide both mitigation and adaptation benefits if they are designed and managed appropriately and if the larger landscape context is considered. Many of the activities needed for adaptation and mitigation in tropical agricultural landscapes are the same needed for sustainable agriculture more generally, but thinking at the landscape scale opens a new dimension for achieving synergies. Intentional integration of adaptation and mitigation activities in agricultural landscapes offers significant benefits that go beyond the scope of climate change to food security, biodiversity conservation, and poverty alleviation. However, achieving these objectives will require transformative changes in current policies, institutional arrangements, and funding mechanisms to foster broad‐scale adoption of climate‐smart approaches in agricultural landscapes

    Empirische Untersuchung ihrer Auswirkungen und institutioneller Rahmenbedingungen

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    Auf globaler Ebene gehen jĂ€hrlich 0,2 Prozent der WaldflĂ€che verloren und in EntwicklungslĂ€ndern, insbesondere in den Tropen, sind Entwaldungsraten von bis zu 3 Prozent im Jahr vorzufinden. Die Erweiterung landwirtschaftlicher NutzflĂ€chen gehört zu den wichtigsten Auslösern fĂŒr die Umwandlung von NaturwaldflĂ€chen zusammen mit kommerziellem Holzeinschlag und der Ausdehnung der Infrastruktur. Die globale Entwaldung trĂ€gt 25 Prozent zu den menschlich verursachten Kohlenstoffemissionen bei. Dementsprechend werden Lösungen gesucht, um großflĂ€chige Entwaldungen gerade in tropischen Regionen zu stoppen, und um Maßnahmen zu entwickeln, durch die Kohlenstoff festgelegt werden kann. So genannte Zahlungen fĂŒr Umweltdienstleistungen (PES) bieten die Möglichkeit, Anreizstrukturen fĂŒr den Schutz natĂŒrlicher Ressourcen zu schaffen und werden als ein marktbasierter Ansatz fĂŒr Ausgleichszahlungen zur UnterstĂŒtzung von nachhaltigem Forstmanagement sowie NaturschutzaktivitĂ€ten eingesetzt. Die vorliegende Studie trĂ€gt mit Hilfe einer empirischen Datenerhebung auf der indonesischen Insel Sulawesi zur Forschung fĂŒr Klimaschutzstrategien bei. In der Umgebung des Lore Lindu Nationalparks in Zentral-Sulawesi wird die Abholzung von Regenwald in erster Linie von lĂ€ndlichen Haushalten vorangetrieben. Eine besonders expansive Form der Landnutzung ist in dieser Region der Anbau von Kakao in Agroforstsystemen. Die AnbauflĂ€che wurde in den letzten 20 Jahren von 0 auf 18.000 Hektar ausgedehnt und neue Plantagen wurden im Randzonengebiet und teilweise auch innerhalb des 220.000 Hektar großen Nationalparks angelegt. Das Hauptanliegen dieser Studie ist es, die Auswirkungen von Ausgleichszahlungen fĂŒr Kohlenstofffestlegung, so genannte Emissionszertifikate, auf die lokalen Haushalte und ihre Landnutzungssysteme zu beschreiben und die institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen fĂŒr die mögliche AusfĂŒhrung eines PES Programms zu prĂŒfen. Zum einen wurde auf der Haushaltsebene wurde untersucht, ob Emissionszertifikate als Anreizmechanismus fĂŒr a) eine nachhaltige Bewirtschaftung von Agroforstsystemen und b) einen wirksamen Schutz noch bestehender RegenwaldflĂ€chen eingesetzt werden können. Zum anderen wurden auf der Institutionen-Ebene Naturschutzabkommen (Kesepakatan Konservasi Masyarakat - KKM), die bereits auf Gemeindeebene bestehen, auf ihr Potential als Ausgangsbasis fĂŒr ein PES-Programm fĂŒr Zahlungen fĂŒr Kohlenstofffestlegung geprĂŒft. Die Analysen setzen sich aus einer quantitativen und eine qualitativen Studie zusammen. Durch die Kombination und ErgĂ€nzung der unterschiedlichen Methoden konnten die unterschiedlichen Ebenen der Haushalte und der Institutionen in PES-Programmen untersucht werden. Mit Hilfe eines komparativen statischen linearen Programmierungsmodels wurde das Haushaltsverhalten hinsichtlich möglicher VerĂ€nderungen in den LandnutzungsaktivitĂ€ten durch die EinfĂŒhrung der Politikoption der Emissionszertifikate analysiert. Die untersuchten Kakao-Agroforstsysteme (AFS) wurden in vier Intensivierungskategorien eingeteilt. Dabei weist das AFS D eine hohe Anzahl von SchattenbĂ€umen und einen geringen Aufwand- und Materialeinsatz auf, wohingegen das AFS G am anderen Ende des Spektrums sehr intensiv bewirtschaftet wird und SchattenbĂ€ume weitgehend entfernt wurden. Entlang des Kakao-Intensivierungsgradienten vom AFS D zum AFS G steigen die DeckungsbeitrĂ€ge der Kakaoproduktion, was fĂŒr die Kleinbauern einen ökonomischen Anreiz zur weiteren Schattenbaumentnahme und Intensivierung der Produktion bietet. Die Datengrundlage dieser Studie bildet eine Haushaltsumfrage in einer Stichprobe von 46 Haushalten in 6 Dörfern. HierfĂŒr wurden die Haushalte anhand ihres dominanten Kakao-AFS in vier Typen unterteilt (HHD-HHG). Zur Auswertung der institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen fĂŒr PES Programme wurden in vier Dörfern die Auswirkungen der Naturschutzabkommen in Fokusgruppen diskutiert. Mit Hilfe partizipativer Methoden konnte die Wahrnehmung bezĂŒglich der Partizipationsprozesse und institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen in zwei verschiedenen sozialen Gruppen, den EntscheidungstrĂ€gern und den Bauern, herausgearbeitet werden. Die erforderlichen Zahlungen fĂŒr Kohlenstofffestlegung sind fĂŒr das AFS D mit der dichtesten Schattenkrone am höchsten, da es das grĂ¶ĂŸte Kohlenstoffspeicherungspotential hat. Auf Haushaltsebene sind die relativen Auswirkungen durch die Zahlung auf den Gesamtdeckungsbeitrag fĂŒr den Haushalt D am stĂ€rksten ausgeprĂ€gt und variieren zwischen 4 Prozent ( 5 pro tCO2e) bis 18 Prozent mit Preisen von 25 pro tCO2e. Hingegen sind die Auswirkungen fĂŒr den Haushalt G sehr gering. Mit den Zertifikatspreisen, die zurzeit auf den MĂ€rkten gehandelt werden, kann kein ausreichender finanzieller Anreiz fĂŒr LandnutzungsverĂ€nderungen sichergestellt werden. PreisaufschlĂ€ge durch Kohlenstoffzertifikate fĂŒr den schattenintensiven Kakao bieten LösungsansĂ€tze, um den Intensivierungsprozess zu reduzieren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass durch differenzierte Emissionszertifikatspreise bis 32 pro tCO2e Anreize fĂŒr die Haushaltstypen D, E und F geschaffen werden, so dass diese zu den jeweils schattenreicheren AFS wechseln. Damit die Haushaltstypen D, E und F ihre AbholzungsaktivitĂ€ten einstellen und um die momentane Entwaldungsrate von 0,3 Prozent zu reduzieren, mĂŒssten die Zertifikate einen Preis bis maximal 23 pro vermiedene Tonne CO2e aufweisen. Die dem schattenintensiven AFS D beigeordneten Haushalte gehören gleichzeitig zu dem einkommensschwĂ€chsten Drittel der Bevölkerung. Durch zielgerichtete kohlenstoffbasierte Ausgleichszahlungen fĂŒr die schattenreichen AFS bieten sich Lösungen an, insbesondere fĂŒr diese Ă€rmeren Haushalte den Teufelskreis von Entwaldung und Armut unterbrechen, sowie ihr Einkommen zu verbessern und gleichzeitig die AFS Typen, die den grĂ¶ĂŸten Umweltnutzen bieten, zu fördern. Wenn man ein CO2-Speicherungsprojekt in der Region implementieren wollte, können die institutionellen GefĂŒge der regional existenten Naturschutzabkommen als Ausgangspunkt genutzt werden. Diese lokalen Institutionen bieten neben einem Regelwerk auch eine Instanz, die KontrollaktivitĂ€ten durchfĂŒhrt. Die KKM befassen sich mit der Kontrolle illegaler LandnutzungsaktivitĂ€ten und der Einhaltung der Gesetze zum Schutz des Waldes. RodungsaktivitĂ€ten sind zurĂŒckgegangen und das Umweltbewusstsein der Dorfbewohner hat zugenommen, seitdem die Abkommen etabliert wurden. Die Umsetzung der KKM ist jedoch finanziell nicht gut abgesichert und die Verantwortlichkeiten wurden auf Dorfebene zwischen den verschiedenen Institutionen nicht klar festgelegt. Zudem war die Beteiligung der Dorfbewohner bei den Verhandlungen und der Etablierung der Abkommen sehr gering, was eine schlechte Akzeptanz unter der Bevölkerung und damit auch eine unzureichende Einhaltung der Gesetze zur Folge hatte. FĂŒr ein potentielles PES-Projekt mĂŒssen die institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen gestĂ€rkt und die Partizipation der Bevölkerung in den NaturschutzaktivitĂ€ten unterstĂŒtzt werden. Die Politikempfehlungen, die aus den Ergebnissen dieser Studie abzuleiten sind, beziehen sich auf die Anwendbarkeit der PES-Programme als eine mögliche Klimaschutzstrategie, ihre StĂ€rken, SchwĂ€chen und ihre institutionelle Gestaltung. AbhĂ€ngig vom lokalen Kontext können erhöhte Kohlenstofffestlegungsraten durch PES-Programme gefördert werden. Zudem werden stabile Einkommensstrukturen fĂŒr die lokale Bevölkerung ermöglicht und der Teufelskreis von Armut und Abholzung kann unterbrochen werden. Im Vergleich zu anderen landwirtschaftlichen AktivitĂ€ten bietet die verhinderte Abholzung eine kosteneffiziente Möglichkeit, um den Ausstoß von Treibhausgasen zu mindern. Lokale Institutionen, die fĂŒr das Management von natĂŒrlichen Ressourcen genutzt werden, bieten eine gute Basis fĂŒr potentielle PES-Programme, da durch die Nutzung vorhandener Strukturen Transaktionskosten reduziert und die lokale Bevölkerung eingebunden werden können

    Could carbon payments be a solution to deforestation? Empirical evidence from Indonesia

    No full text
    Up to 25 percent of all anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are caused by deforestation, and Indonesia is the third largest emitter worldwide due to land use change and deforestation. On the island of Sulawesi in the vicinity of the Lore Lindu National Park, smallholders contribute to conversion processes at the forest margin as a result of their agricultural practices. Specifically the area dedicated to cocoa plantations has increased from zero in 1979 to nearly 18,000 hectares in 2001. Some of these plots have been established inside the 220,000 hectares of the National Park. An intensification process is observed with a consequent reduction of the shade tree density. This study focuses on the impact of carbon sequestration payments for forest management systems on smallholder households. The level of incentives is determined which motivates farmers to desist from further deforestation and land use intensification activities. Household behaviour and resource allocation is analysed with a comparative static linear programming model. As these models prove to be a reliable tool for policy analysis, the output can indicate the adjustments in resource allocation and land use shifts when introducing compensation payments. The data was collected in a household survey in six villages around the Lore Lindu National Park. Four household categories were identified according to their dominant agroforestry systems. With carbon credit prices up to €32 tCO2e-1 an incentive can be provided for the majority of the households to adopt the more sustainable shade intensive agroforestry systems. The results show that with current carbon prices the deforestation activities of the majority of households could be stopped. A win-win situation seems to appear, whereby, when targeting only the shade intensive agroforestry systems with carbon payments, the poorest households economically benefit the most, the vicious circle of deforestation can be interrupted and land use systems with high environmental benefits are promoted

    Payments for environmental services : incentives through carbon sequestration compensation for cocoa-based agroforestry systems in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

    No full text
    Up to 25 percent of all anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are caused by deforestation, and Indonesia is the third largest greenhouse gas emitter worldwide due to land use change and deforestation. On the island of Sulawesi in the vicinity of the Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP), many smallholders contribute to conversion processes at the forest margin as a result of their agricultural practices. Specifically the area dedicated to cocoa plantations has increased from zero (1979) to nearly 18,000 hectares (2001). Some of these plots have been established inside the 220,000 hectares of the LLNP. An intensification process is observed with a consequent reduction of the shade tree density. This study assesses which impact carbon sequestration payments for forest management systems have on the prevailing land use systems. Additionally, the level of incentives is determined which motivates farmers to desist from further deforestation and land use intensification activities. Household behaviour and resource allocation is analysed with a comparative static linear programming model. As these models prove to be a reliable tool for policy analysis, the output can indicate the adjustments in resource allocation and land use shifts when introducing compensation payments. The data was collected in a household survey in six villages around the LLNP. Four household categories are identified according to their dominant agroforestry systems. These range from low intensity management with a high degree of shading to highly intensified shade free systems. At the plot level, the payments from carbon sequestration are the highest for the full shade cocoa agroforestry system, but with low carbon prices of € 5 tCO2e-1 these constitute 5 percent of the cocoa gross margin. Focusing on the household level, however, an increase of up to 18 percent of the total gross margin can be realised. Furthermore, for differentiated carbon prices up to € 32 tCO2e-1 the majority of the households have an incentive to adopt the more sustainable shade intensive agroforestry system. A win-win situation seems to appear, whereby, when targeting only the shade intensive agroforestry systems with carbon payments, the poorest households economically benefit the most and land use systems with high environmental benefits are promoted
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