ALL TUNA IS NOT CREATED EQUAL: THE EXISTENCE OF QUANTITY SURCHARGES DUE TO PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION.

Quantity surcharges exist when unit prices are higher for larger packages. We hypothesize that various sizes of goods are differentiated products, and this explains some surcharges. Estimating a random-coefficients logit demand model, we examine own and cross elasticities to determine the level of differentiation between products with different size packages.Marketing,

Milk Marketing Order Winners and Losers

Determining the impacts on consumers of government policies affecting the demand for food products requires a theoretically consistent micro-level demand model. We estimate a system of demands for weekly city-level dairy product purchases by nonlinear three stage least squares to account for joint determination between quantities and prices. We analyze the distributional effects of federal milk marketing orders, and find results that vary substantially across demographic groups. Families with young children suffer, while wealthier childless couples benefit. We also find that households with lower incomes bear a greater regulatory burden due to marketing orders than those with higher income levels.Milk, marketing orders, dairy industry regulation

Milk Marketing Order Winners and Losers

Do milk marketing orders affect various demographic groups differently? To answer this question, we use supermarket scanner data to estimate an incomplete demand system for dairy products. Based on these estimates, we simulate substitution effects among dairy products and the welfare impacts of price changes resulting from changes in milk marketing orders for various consumer groups. While we find little difference in own- and cross-price substitution elasticities of demand, the welfare effects of price changes vary substantially across demographic groups, with some losing and others winning from this government program. Families with young children suffer from marketing orders, while wealthier childless couples benefit. Additionally, we find that households with lower incomes pay a larger percentage of their income due to marketing orders than those with higher income levels.Consumer/Household Economics,

Milk Marketing Orders: Who Wins and Who Loses?

Livestock Production/Industries, Marketing, Q13, Q18,

The application of coupled finite-discrete element method in analyzing soil-structure interaction problems

A framework to couple the Finite and the Discrete element methods is proposed in this study. The framework takes advantage of both approaches to investigate different soilstructure interaction problems. The structural elements in the problems are modeled using finite elements whereas surrounding soil is modeled using discrete elements to reflect the discontinuous nature of the granular material. The coupled framework is then used to model three soil-geogrid interaction problems including geogrid pullout test, strip footing on geogrid-reinforced sand and geogrid reinforced fill over void. The numerical results show the efficiency of the coupled framework to model the interlocking effect between the soil and the geogrid sheet. New insights into the nature of the interaction between the soil and the geogrid at the microscopic scale are also presented

Almost Ideal Area Yield Crop Insurance Contracts

Using yield data for a sample of 123 dryland wheat producers in Montana, the effects of three area yield contracts, including the contract currently offered by the United States Federal Crop Insurance Corporation and two individual yield contracts on individual farm yield variability, are examined. The results indicate that while the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation area yield contract provides all farmers in the sample with some protection against yield variability, a simpler, actuarially equivalent “almost ideal” area yield contract provides substantially larger reductions in yield variability. However, actuarially equivalent individual yield contracts provide levels of protection against yield variability similar to those obtained under the “almost ideal” area yield contract at much lower premiums

Идентификация опасностей и оценка профессиональных рисков на АЭС

Приведены методические основы идентификации опасностей и оценки профессиональных рисков в системе управления АЭС. Сделан обзор основных стандартов риск-менеджмента. Приведены также некоторые примеры форм документов для идентификации опасностей и оценки профессиональных рисков.Наведено методичні основи ідентифікації небезпек та оцінки професійних ризиків у системі управління АЕС. Зроблено огляд основних стандартів ризик-менеджменту. Наведено також деякі приклади форм документів для ідентифікації небезпек і оцінки професійних ризиків.In the article the methodical bases of authentication of hazards and assessment occupational safety and health in the management system of NPP are resulted. The review of basic risk management standards is done. Some examples of forms of documents for authentication of hazards and assessment occupational safety and health are resulted also

Statistical analysis of seismicity in intraplate regions

Thesis (Sc. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil Engineering, 1989.Title as it appeared in M.I.T. Graduate List, February, 1989: Estimation of seismicity in intraplate regions.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 206-210).by Luc E. Chouinard.Sc.D

Incidence and time course of everolimus-related adverse events in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive advanced breast cancer: insights from BOLERO-2.

BackgroundIn the BOLERO-2 trial, everolimus (EVE), an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin, demonstrated significant clinical benefit with an acceptable safety profile when administered with exemestane (EXE) in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR(+)) advanced breast cancer. We report on the incidence, time course, severity, and resolution of treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) as well as incidence of dose modifications during the extended follow-up of this study.Patients and methodsPatients were randomized (2:1) to receive EVE 10 mg/day or placebo (PBO), with open-label EXE 25 mg/day (n = 724). The primary end point was progression-free survival. Secondary end points included overall survival, objective response rate, and safety. Safety evaluations included recording of AEs, laboratory values, dose interruptions/adjustments, and study drug discontinuations.ResultsThe safety population comprised 720 patients (EVE + EXE, 482; PBO + EXE, 238). The median follow-up was 18 months. Class-effect toxicities, including stomatitis, pneumonitis, and hyperglycemia, were generally of mild or moderate severity and occurred relatively early after treatment initiation (except pneumonitis); incidence tapered off thereafter. EVE dose reduction and interruption (360 and 705 events, respectively) required for AE management were independent of patient age. The median duration of dose interruption was 7 days. Discontinuation of both study drugs because of AEs was higher with EVE + EXE (9%) versus PBO + EXE (3%).ConclusionsMost EVE-associated AEs occur soon after initiation of therapy, are typically of mild or moderate severity, and are generally manageable with dose reduction and interruption. Discontinuation due to toxicity was uncommon. Understanding the time course of class-effect AEs will help inform preventive and monitoring strategies as well as patient education.Trial registration numberNCT00863655