Experimental In-Field Transfer and Survival of Escherichia coli from Animal Feces to Romaine Lettuce in Salinas Valley, California.

This randomized controlled trial characterized the transfer of E. coli from animal feces and/or furrow water onto adjacent heads of lettuce during foliar irrigation, and the subsequent survival of bacteria on the adaxial surface of lettuce leaves. Two experiments were conducted in Salinas Valley, California: (1) to quantify the transfer of indicator E. coli from chicken and rabbit fecal deposits placed in furrows to surrounding lettuce heads on raised beds, and (2) to quantify the survival of inoculated E. coli on Romaine lettuce over 10 days. E. coli was recovered from 97% (174/180) of lettuce heads to a maximal distance of 162.56 cm (5.33 ft) from feces. Distance from sprinklers to feces, cumulative foliar irrigation, and lettuce being located downwind of the fecal deposit were positively associated, while distance from fecal deposit to lettuce was negatively associated with E. coli transference. E. coli exhibited decimal reduction times of 2.2 and 2.5 days when applied on the adaxial surface of leaves within a chicken or rabbit fecal slurry, respectively. Foliar irrigation can transfer E. coli from feces located in a furrow onto adjacent heads of lettuce, likely due to the kinetic energy of irrigation droplets impacting the fecal surface and/or impacting furrow water contaminated with feces, with the magnitude of E. coli enumerated per head of lettuce influenced by the distance between lettuce and the fecal deposit, cumulative application of foliar irrigation, wind aspect of lettuce relative to feces, and time since final irrigation. Extending the time period between foliar irrigation and harvest, along with a 152.4 cm (5 ft) no-harvest buffer zone when animal fecal material is present, may substantially reduce the level of bacterial contamination on harvested lettuce

Altimetric system: Earth observing system. Volume 2h: Panel report

A rationale and recommendations for planning, implementing, and operating an altimetric system aboard the Earth observing system (Eos) spacecraft is provided. In keeping with the recommendations of the Eos Science and Mission Requirements Working Group, a complete altimetric system is defined that is capable of perpetuating the data set to be derived from TOPEX/Poseidon, enabling key scientific questions to be addressed. Since the scientific utility and technical maturity of spaceborne radar altimeters is well documented, the discussion is limited to highlighting those Eos-specific considerations that materially impact upon radar altimetric measurements

A fully integrated multi-channel detector for electron spectroscopy

In electron spectroscopy, multi-channel detection combined with intense radiation sources provides the optimum experimental configuration. Building on the 5 mm, 192-channel ion detector developed at Aberystwyth, longer arrays have been fabricated for the detection of electrons in a commercial hemispherical analyser. The performance and reliability of a 10 mm, 384-detector array is discussed and the first array-detected photoelectron spectroscopy data for single-crystal diamond are presented. In scanning mode, the detector shows a large improvement compared to single channeltron detection and this improvement allows data to be collected in snapshot mode (1 s per spectrum) to enable real-time measurements. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Analysis Of Corn And Soybean Basis Patterns And Hedging Opportunities For Cash-Grain Producers By Price Reporting Districts In Iowa

In recent years, Iowa farmers have faced large variations in grain prices in short periods of time. Price variability stems from increased dependence on foreign markets and a wide range of world developments that affect cash grain prices. As an example of the potential impact on farmers, the variability • \u27 t \u27 ^ in 1980-crop prices during the last half of 1979 created a potential variation of $20,000 in net income from a 300 acre Central Iowa cash grain farm — depend ing on whether crops were sold at the high or low end of the range of available prices..

TISSUE DECELLULARIZATION METHODS

Provided herein are methods of producing an acellular tissue product wherein the method can include the step of inducing apoptosis and washing the tissue after induction of apoptosis with a tonic solution. Also provided herein are acellular tissue products produced by the methods provided herein and methods of administering the acellular tissue products to a subject in need thereof

North Dakota Economic-Demographic Assessment Model (NEDAM): Technical Description

This report describes the logic, structure, data bases, and operational procedures of the North Dakota model.Research Methods/ Statistical Methods,

Phase Transitions in Chemisorbed Systems

Contains reports on six research projects.Joint Services Electronics Program (Contract DAAG29-83-K-0003

Quantitative Chemically-Specific Coherent Diffractive Imaging of Buried Interfaces using a Tabletop EUV Nanoscope

Characterizing buried layers and interfaces is critical for a host of applications in nanoscience and nano-manufacturing. Here we demonstrate non-invasive, non-destructive imaging of buried interfaces using a tabletop, extreme ultraviolet (EUV), coherent diffractive imaging (CDI) nanoscope. Copper nanostructures inlaid in SiO2 are coated with 100 nm of aluminum, which is opaque to visible light and thick enough that neither optical microscopy nor atomic force microscopy can image the buried interfaces. Short wavelength (29 nm) high harmonic light can penetrate the aluminum layer, yielding high-contrast images of the buried structures. Moreover, differences in the absolute reflectivity of the interfaces before and after coating reveal the formation of interstitial diffusion and oxidation layers at the Al-Cu and Al-SiO2 boundaries. Finally, we show that EUV CDI provides a unique capability for quantitative, chemically-specific imaging of buried structures, and the material evolution that occurs at these buried interfaces, compared with all other approaches.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figure