Animal Health MATTERS

[Page] - 1 Advisory Committee Provides Big-Picture Guidance to the ADRDL[Page] - 1 Colorado State University Vet Students get Food Animal Experience at SDSU\u27s ADRDL [Page] - 2 Director\u27s Message[Page] -3 Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Diagnostics: Is it a Field Strain or a Vaccine Strain?{Page] - 4 SDSU\u27s Food Safety Microbiology Section: Serving Locally and Recognized Nationally[Page] - 6 Veterinarian/SDSU Alum Serving as SDSU Livestock Environment Extension AssociateNew Hire in Media Preparation: Suman RohilaNew Hire in Molecular Diagnostics: Melissa LorenzenDaly Joins US Contingent on Visit to Chinese Veterinary Research Institute[Page] - 7 South Dakota One Health Meeting on Influenza Draws Diverse AudienceVBS Researchers Seek to Understand Salmonella Persistence in Fed CattleSeneca Valley Virus Noted in South Dakota, ADRDL Diagnostics in Place[Page] - 8 Continuing Education Event

Prevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Subspecies Among Persistently Infected Samples from Cattle in the United States

Objective: The focus of this survey was to determine the prevalence of BVDV subspecies in the United States

The Presence of Persistent Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infection and a Novel Bosavirus in a Bison Herd

Objective Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a significant pathogen of cattle, leading to losses due to reproductive failure, respiratory disease and immune dysregulation. An investigation was conducted in an American bison (Bison bison) herd dealing with reproductive issues in 2018-2019 calving season to determine likely cause of the losses

Febrile Response and Decrease in Circulating Lymphocytes Following Acute Infection of White-Tailed Deer Fawns with Either a BVDV1 or a BVDV2 Strain

Although commonly associated with infection in cattle, bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV) also replicate in many domestic and wildlife species, including cervids. Bovine viral diarrhea viruses have been isolated from a number of cervids, including mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), red deer (Cervus elaphus), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and mouse deer (Tragulus javanicus), but little information is available regarding clinical presentation and progression of infection in these species. In preliminary studies of experimental infection of deer with BVDV, researchers noted seroconversion but no clinical signs. In this study, we infected white-tailed deer fawns that were negative for BVDV and for antibodies against BVDV, with either a type 1 or a type 2 BVDV that had been isolated from whitetailed deer. Fawns were monitored for changes in basal temperature, circulating lymphocytes, and platelets. The clinical progression following inoculation in these fawns was similar to that seen with BVDV infections in cattle and included fever and depletion of circulating lymphocytes. Because free-ranging cervid populations are frequently in contact with domestic cattle in the United States, possible transfer of BVDV between cattle and cervids has significant implications for proposed BVDV control programs

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Multiorgan Infection in Two White-Tailed Deer in Southeastern South Dakota

The susceptibility of wild ruminants, especially cervids, to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has remained an enigma. Two white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were submitted to the Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (ADRDL) in the fall of 2003 by the South Dakota Game Fish and Parks for chronic wasting disease (CWD) testing. Both animals were CWD negative. The animals were necropsied and histopathology, viral antigen detection, and virus isolation were performed. A noncytopathic (NCP) BVDV was isolated from the lungs and several other tissues of both animals. Formalin-fixed ear notches from both animals were positive for BVDV antigen by immunohistochemistry. The BVDV isolates were typed with the use of polymerase chain reaction in 59 untranslated region (UTR) and one isolate was typed a Type 2a and the other a Type 1b. Future field surveys to determine the incidence of BVDV along with experimental studies to determine if whitetailed deer fawns can be persistently infected with BVDV are neede

Protection Against a Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) Type 1 Challenge in Calves Vaccinated with a Bovine Herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1)-BVDV Recombinant

A recently developed recombinant bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) virus containing the envelope protein gp53 of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 1, BHV-1 (v1V31), was assessed for its ability to protect against BVDV in calves. Four calves were vaccinated intranasally with the recombinant BHV-1-BVDV vaccine and did not exhibit any clinical signs following vaccination. The vaccine virus was recovered from all vaccinated calves on days 8 through 10 and the replication appeared to be restricted to nasal passages. Twenty-eight days after vaccination, the four vaccinated and four control calves were challenged with the type 1 BVDV, strain NY-1. All calves had slight temperature elevations but the clinical signs were more severe in the control calves. The platelet counts were significantly depressed in the control calves. Prior to challenge, neither group had BVDV serum neutralizing antibody. The vaccinated calves developed higher serum antibody levels 2 months following challenge, indicating a secondary immune response. Necropsy was performed six weeks following infection. No latent BHV-1 virus was detected from the trigeminal ganglion of any of the vaccinated calves. The recombinant BHV-1 virus vaccine containing a single BVDV protein provided partial protection against BVDV infection

Vaccinating the Young Calf with a Parenteral Adjuvanted Vaccine to Develop a Protective BRSV IgA nasal Response

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of an adjuvanted modified live virus (MLV) vaccine in the presence of well-defined maternal passive immunity.Study Description Calves were vaccinated at approximately 1 month of age and challenged ~90 days later when BRSV systemic antibodies were less than 1:4. Clinical signs, nasal secretions and blood samples for virus measurement [polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and virus isolation (VI)] and to measure for mucosal BRSV IgA antibodies were collected and the animals were euthanized and necropsied 8 days post infection. Body temperature and other clinical signs were lower at 6 and 7 days post challenge in the vaccinates. Nasal viral shed was 3–4 times lower in the vaccinated animals as measured by VI and PCR compared to the controls. On day 8 following challenge, animals were necropsied, and lung lobes were scored and tested for virus by PCR and indirect fluorescent assay (IFA). There was a 25-fold reduction in PCR virus detection in vaccinates and two of the vaccinated calves’ lungs were PCR negative. Only 29.4% of vaccinated calves were BRSV positive on IFA testing at necropsy, while 87.5% of control calves were BRSV positive. Vaccinated calves developed a mucosal BRSV IgA response with over 50% of the vaccinated calves having IgA prior to challenge and all vaccinated calves were positive following challenge

Neonatal Immune Development in the Calf and Its Impact on Vaccine Response

In this article we cover the immunologic response as it develops, the components of passive immunity, and the immune response of young calves. We discuss interference from maternal immunity in the development of specific immunity and vaccine strategies for developing protection against pathogens in calves

Proliferative Activity of Echinacea angustifolia Root Extracts on Cancer Cells: Interference with Doxorubicin Cytotoxicity

Doxorubicin is an anticancer drug that causes apoptosis in cells, but cardiotoxicity limits the cumulative dose that can remain in the blood. Echinacea extracts have been prescribed to supplement cancer chemotherapy. In a recent study, it was reported that Echinacea purpureaextracts protected noncancerous cells from apoptosis. Our study aimed to determine interference with doxorubicin chemotherapy, and if fractions and compounds from Echinacea angustifolia roots protected the cells. Cervical and breast cancer cells were treated with theEchinacea samples and doxorubicin. At 0.05 and 0.5 μm doxorubicin concentration, cynarine increased HeLa cell growth by 48–125% and 29–101%, respectively (p\u3c0.01). At 0.05 μm doxorubicin concentration, chicoric acid increased cell growth by 23–100% (p\u3c0.01). When MCF-7 cells were treated with Echinacea and doxorubicin, the ethyl acetate fraction increased cell growth by 20–25%, and chicoric acid increased cell growth by 10–15%. Cynarine showed proliferative activity on HeLa cells, but showed antiproliferative activity on MCF-7 cells. Results indicate that phenolic compounds are responsible for proliferative activity. Studies with individual compounds show that chicoric acid and cynarine interfered with cells treated with 0.5 μm doxorubicin. The results of this study show that Echinacea herbal medicines affect cell proliferation despite cancer treatment, and that herbal medicines require further study with respect to anticancer drugs