Le cru et le cuit : processus post-dépôt et altérations différentielles des matériaux céramiques

A common approach in provenance studies of ceramic materials is to compare the elemental composition of raw materials with that of archaeological artefacts. However, alteration problems remain neglected and the nature of the analogy between clayey materials and archaeological ceramics is still not discussed. This study thus proposes a first comparison between ceramic materials and unfired potsherds found in the same archaeological context from the late Iron Age. Our results highlight the importance of proper analysis of compositional data and the relevance of the methodological advances following J. Aitchison's (1986) work. This approach makes it possible to identify post-depositional processes, such as those related to pedogenesis, that do not affect clays and ceramics in the same way. Differential alteration depending on the nature of the materials suggests caution in the strict application of the provenance postulate when comparing archaeological and geological materials.Dans le cadre d’études de provenance des matériaux céramiques, il est courant de comparer la composition élémentaire de matières premières argileuses avec celle d’artefacts archéologiques. Les problèmes d’altération demeurent cependant peu pris en compte et la nature de l’analogie entre matières argileuses et céramiques archéologiques n’est jamais discutée. La présente étude propose ainsi une première comparaison entre des matériaux céramiques et des tessons non cuits retrouvés dans un même contexte archéologique de la fin de l’Âge du Fer. Nos résultats illustrent l’importance d’un traitement adéquat des données de compositions et l’intérêt des développements méthodologiques dans la suite des travaux de J. Aitchison (1986). Cette approche permet d’identifier les processus intervenant après l’abandon des artefacts, notamment liés aux mécanismes de pédogenèse, qui n’affectent pas argiles et céramiques de la même façon. L’existence d’une altération différentielle en fonction de la nature des matériaux invite à la prudence quant à l’application stricte du postulat de provenance lorsqu’il s’agit de comparer des matériaux archéologiques et géologiques

Histoire des sciences au Moyen Âge

Programme de l’année 2010-2011 : I. Les intérêts scientifiques dans les commentaires bibliques (suite). — II. Les transformations de la matière et leurs théories médiévales (suite)

Generation of Priority Research Questions to Inform Conservation Policy and Management at a National Level

Integrating knowledge from across the natural and social sciences is necessary to effectively address societal tradeoffs between human use of biological diversity and its preservation. Collaborative processes can change the ways decision makers think about scientific evidence, enhance levels of mutual trust and credibility, and advance the conservation policy discourse. Canada has responsibility for a large fraction of some major ecosystems, such as boreal forests, Arctic tundra, wetlands, and temperate and Arctic oceans. Stressors to biological diversity within these ecosystems arise from activities of the country's resource-based economy, as well as external drivers of environmental change. Effective management is complicated by incongruence between ecological and political boundaries and conflicting perspectives on social and economic goals. Many knowledge gaps about stressors and their management might be reduced through targeted, timely research. We identify 40 questions that, if addressed or answered, would advance research that has a high probability of supporting development of effective policies and management strategies for species, ecosystems, and ecological processes in Canada. A total of 396 candidate questions drawn from natural and social science disciplines were contributed by individuals with diverse organizational affiliations. These were collaboratively winnowed to 40 by our team of collaborators. The questions emphasize understanding ecosystems, the effects and mitigation of climate change, coordinating governance and management efforts across multiple jurisdictions, and examining relations between conservation policy and the social and economic well-being of Aboriginal peoples. The questions we identified provide potential links between evidence from the conservation sciences and formulation of policies for conservation and resource management. Our collaborative process of communication and engagement between scientists and decision makers for generating and prioritizing research questions at a national level could be a model for similar efforts beyond Canada

The apple REFPOP - a reference population for genomics-assisted breeding in apple

Breeding of apple is a long-term and costly process due to the time and space requirements for screening selection candidates. Genomics-assisted breeding utilizes genomic and phenotypic information to increase the selection efficiency in breeding programs, and measurements of phenotypes in different environments can facilitate the application of the approach under various climatic conditions. Here we present an apple reference population: the apple REFPOP, a large collection formed of 534 genotypes planted in six European countries, as a unique tool to accelerate apple breeding. The population consisted of 269 accessions and 265 progeny from 27 parental combinations, representing the diversity in cultivated apple and current European breeding material, respectively. A high-density genome-wide dataset of 303,239 SNPs was produced as a combined output of two SNP arrays of different densities using marker imputation with an imputation accuracy of 0.95. Based on the genotypic data, linkage disequilibrium was low and population structure was weak. Two well-studied phenological traits of horticultural importance were measured. We found marker-trait associations in several previously identified genomic regions and maximum predictive abilities of 0.57 and 0.75 for floral emergence and harvest date, respectively. With decreasing SNP density, the detection of significant marker-trait associations varied depending on trait architecture. Regardless of the trait, 10,000 SNPs sufficed to maximize genomic prediction ability. We confirm the suitability of the apple REFPOP design for genomics-assisted breeding, especially for breeding programs using related germplasm, and emphasize the advantages of a coordinated and multinational effort for customizing apple breeding methods in the genomics era

3.2. Analyses pétrographiques et physico-chimiques de la production de l'atelier d'Amboise et étude de la diffusion sur des sites de consommation

Cantin Nadia, Huet Nathalie. 3.2. Analyses pétrographiques et physico-chimiques de la production de l'atelier d'Amboise et étude de la diffusion sur des sites de consommation. In: La céramique médiévale et moderne du Centre-Ouest de la France (11e - 17e siècle). Chrono-typologie de la céramique et approvisionnement de la vallée de la Loire moyenne. Tours : Fédération pour l'édition de la Revue archéologique du Centre de la France, 2003. pp. 92-101. (Supplément à la Revue archéologique du centre de la France, 20

Ethnoarchéologie et archéométrie de la céramique dans la vallée de la Falémé

International audienc

Analyse archéométrique des argiles et céramiques du Pays dogon

International audienc

Ceramic petrography and actualism : a contribution from Senegal

International audienc

Analyse archéométrique des argiles et céramiques du Pays dogon

International audienc

Ethnoarchéologie et archéométrie de la céramique dans la vallée de la Falémé

International audienc