1,777 research outputs found
Study of the operation and trigger performance of GEM detectors in the CMS experiment
At the end of 2018, the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) accelerator started, in concert
with its experiments, an upgrade campaign to reach the goal of the High-Luminosity LHC
project: proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy √s = 14TeV with an instantaneous
luminosity around 5 − 7 · 10^34 cm−2s−1, aiming to deliver a 3000 fb−1 integrated luminosity. To
cope with these new experimental conditions, the CMS experiment started, among others, an
upgrading campaign of its muon system, programming the installation of three new stations
using the Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) technology: GE1/1, GE2/1 and ME0. The motivations
of the installation of these stations are to increase the redundancy in the CMS muon
system, to keep the trigger rate under control, to have radiation hard detectors in the CMS
forward region, and to improve the detection of physics channels at high pseudorapidity (η),
extending the angular coverage of the muon system to |η| < 2.8.
This thesis was developed in the framework of the GEM upgrade, focusing, in particular,
on the production and commissioning of the GE1/1 station and on the development of trigger
algorithms for the Phase 2 upgrade, exploiting the possibilities offered by the foreseen GEM
detectors.
The first chapter presents the LHC accelerator and the CMS experiment, describing its
foreseen upgrades. The second chapter introduces the GEM upgrade, then it moves to a
detailed description of the GE1/1 station, and finally presents the GE2/1 and ME0 stations,
whose installation is foreseen between 2023 and 2026.
The third chapter describes the activities I have performed in the production and the validation
process of GE1/1 chambers, before their installation in the CMS experiment. The
second part of this chapter describes the activities I carried out during the commissioning in
the experimental site, focusing on the monitoring of the power systems and on the study of HV
trips in different experimental conditions, for example during the commissioning of the CMS
magnet and in the early LHC collisions performed at the end of the Long Shutdown 2 period.
The fourth chapter illustrates a trigger study I have carried out, dedicated to the τ → 3μ
decay channel, a Lepton Flavour Violating decay with a branching ratio heavily suppressed
in the Standard Model and brought in a statistically significant region by some Beyond the
Standard Model models. This decay is characterised by a multi-muon final state, with low
transverse momentum muons and collimated in the forward region. Due to these features, the
research carried out on the τ → 3μ channel would turn out to be useful also for other channels
with similar characteristics. In the discussion some trigger paths of interest, that exploit the
possibilities introduced by the installation of the GEM stations and by other CMS Phase 2
upgrades, are presented.At the end of 2018, the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) accelerator started, in concert
with its experiments, an upgrade campaign to reach the goal of the High-Luminosity LHC
project: proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy √s = 14TeV with an instantaneous
luminosity around 5 − 7 · 10^34 cm−2s−1, aiming to deliver a 3000 fb−1 integrated luminosity. To
cope with these new experimental conditions, the CMS experiment started, among others, an
upgrading campaign of its muon system, programming the installation of three new stations
using the Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) technology: GE1/1, GE2/1 and ME0. The motivations
of the installation of these stations are to increase the redundancy in the CMS muon
system, to keep the trigger rate under control, to have radiation hard detectors in the CMS
forward region, and to improve the detection of physics channels at high pseudorapidity (η),
extending the angular coverage of the muon system to |η| < 2.8.
This thesis was developed in the framework of the GEM upgrade, focusing, in particular,
on the production and commissioning of the GE1/1 station and on the development of trigger
algorithms for the Phase 2 upgrade, exploiting the possibilities offered by the foreseen GEM
detectors.
The first chapter presents the LHC accelerator and the CMS experiment, describing its
foreseen upgrades. The second chapter introduces the GEM upgrade, then it moves to a
detailed description of the GE1/1 station, and finally presents the GE2/1 and ME0 stations,
whose installation is foreseen between 2023 and 2026.
The third chapter describes the activities I have performed in the production and the validation
process of GE1/1 chambers, before their installation in the CMS experiment. The
second part of this chapter describes the activities I carried out during the commissioning in
the experimental site, focusing on the monitoring of the power systems and on the study of HV
trips in different experimental conditions, for example during the commissioning of the CMS
magnet and in the early LHC collisions performed at the end of the Long Shutdown 2 period.
The fourth chapter illustrates a trigger study I have carried out, dedicated to the τ → 3μ
decay channel, a Lepton Flavour Violating decay with a branching ratio heavily suppressed
in the Standard Model and brought in a statistically significant region by some Beyond the
Standard Model models. This decay is characterised by a multi-muon final state, with low
transverse momentum muons and collimated in the forward region. Due to these features, the
research carried out on the τ → 3μ channel would turn out to be useful also for other channels
with similar characteristics. In the discussion some trigger paths of interest, that exploit the
possibilities introduced by the installation of the GEM stations and by other CMS Phase 2
upgrades, are presented
Towards a Muon Collider
A muon collider would enable the big jump ahead in energy reach that is
needed for a fruitful exploration of fundamental interactions. The challenges
of producing muon collisions at high luminosity and 10 TeV centre of mass
energy are being investigated by the recently-formed International Muon
Collider Collaboration. This Review summarises the status and the recent
advances on muon colliders design, physics and detector studies. The aim is to
provide a global perspective of the field and to outline directions for future
work.Comment: 118 pages, 103 figure
Towards a muon collider
A muon collider would enable the big jump ahead in energy reach that is needed for a fruitful exploration of fundamental interactions. The challenges of producing muon collisions at high luminosity and 10 TeV centre of mass energy are being investigated by the recently-formed International Muon Collider Collaboration. This Review summarises the status and the recent advances on muon colliders design, physics and detector studies. The aim is to provide a global perspective of the field and to outline directions for future work
Triple-GEM discharge probability studies at CHARM: Simulations and experimental results
The CMS muon system in the region with 2.03<|η|<2.82 is characterized by a very harsh radiation environment which can generate hit rates up to 144 kHz/cm and an integrated charge of 8 C/cm over ten years of operation. In order to increase the detector performance and acceptance for physics events including muons, a new muon station (ME0) has been proposed for installation in that region. The technology proposed is Triple—Gas Electron Multiplier (Triple-GEM), which has already been qualified for the operation in the CMS muon system. However, an additional set of studies focused on the discharge probability is necessary for the ME0 station, because of the large radiation environment mentioned above. A test was carried out in 2017 at the Cern High energy AcceleRator Mixed (CHARM) facility, with the aim of giving an estimation of the discharge probability of Triple-GEM detectors in a very intense radiation field environment, similar to the one of the CMS muon system. A dedicated standalone Geant4 simulation was performed simultaneously, to evaluate the behavior expected in the detector exposed to the CHARM field. The geometry of the detector has been carefully reproduced, as well as the background field present in the facility. This paper presents the results obtained from the Geant4 simulation, in terms of sensitivity of the detector to the CHARM environment, together with the analysis of the energy deposited in the gaps and of the processes developed inside the detector. The discharge probability test performed at CHARM will be presented, with a complete discussion of the results obtained, which turn out to be consistent with measurements performed by other groups
Detector Control System for the GE1/1 slice test
Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) technology, in particular triple-GEM, was selected for the upgrade of the CMS endcap muon system following several years of intense effort on R&D. The triple-GEM chambers (GE1/1) are being installed at station 1 during the second long shutdown with the goal of reducing the Level-1 muon trigger rate and improving the tracking performance in the harsh radiation environment foreseen in the future LHC operation [1]. A first installation of a demonstrator system started at the beginning of 2017: 10 triple-GEM detectors were installed in the CMS muon system with the aim of gaining operational experience and demonstrating the integration of the GE1/1 system into the trigger. In this context, a dedicated Detector Control System (DCS) has been developed, to control and monitor the detectors installed and integrating them into the CMS operation. This paper presents the slice test DCS, describing in detail the different parts of the system and their implementation
Impact of magnetic field on the stability of the CMS GE1/1 GEM detector operation
The Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detectors of the GE1/1 station of the CMS experiment have been operated in the CMS magnetic field for the first time on the 7 of October 2021. During the magnetic field ramps, several discharge phenomena were observed, leading to instability in the GEM High Voltage (HV) power system. In order to reproduce the behavior, it was decided to conduct a dedicated test at the CERN North Area with the Goliath magnet, using four GE1/1 spare chambers. The test consisted in studying the characteristics of discharge events that occurred in different detector configurations and external conditions. Multiple magnetic field ramps were performed in sequence: patterns in the evolution of the discharge rates were observed with these data. The goal of this test is the understanding of the experimental conditions inducing discharges and short circuits in a GEM foil.
The results of this test lead to the development of procedure for the optimal operation and performance of GEM detectors in the CMS experiment during the magnet ramps. Another important result is the estimation of the probability of short circuit generation, at 68 % confidence level, p = 0.42% with detector HV OFF and p < 0.49% with the HV ON. These numbers are specific for the detectors used during this test, but they provide a first quantitative indication on the phenomenon, and a point of comparison for future studies adopting the same procedure
Benchmarking LHC background particle simulation with the CMS triple-GEM detector
In 2018, a system of large-size triple-GEM demonstrator chambers was installed in the CMS experiment at CERN\u27s Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The demonstrator\u27s design mimicks that of the final detector, installed for Run-3. A successful Monte Carlo (MC) simulation of the collision-induced background hit rate in this system in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV is presented. The MC predictions are compared to CMS measurements recorded at an instantaneous luminosity of 1.5 ×10 cm s. The simulation framework uses a combination of the FLUKA and GEANT4 packages. FLUKA simulates the radiation environment around the GE1/1 chambers. The particle flux by FLUKA covers energy spectra ranging from 10 to 10 MeV for neutrons, 10 to 10 MeV for γ\u27s, 10 to 10 MeV for e, and 10 to 10 MeV for charged hadrons. GEANT4 provides an estimate of the detector response (sensitivity) based on an accurate description of the detector geometry, the material composition, and the interaction of particles with the detector layers. The detector hit rate, as obtained from the simulation using FLUKA and GEANT4, is estimated as a function of the perpendicular distance from the beam line and agrees with data within the assigned uncertainties in the range 13.7-14.5%. This simulation framework can be used to obtain a reliable estimate of the background rates expected at the High Luminosity LHC
Modeling the triple-GEM detector response to background particles for the CMS Experiment
An estimate of environmental background hit rate on triple-GEM chambers is
performed using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation and compared to data taken by test
chambers installed in the CMS experiment (GE1/1) during Run-2 at the Large
Hadron Collider (LHC). The hit rate is measured using data collected with
proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV and a luminosity of 1.5
cm s. The simulation framework uses a combination of the FLUKA
and Geant4 packages to obtain the hit rate. FLUKA provides the radiation
environment around the GE1/1 chambers, which is comprised of the particle flux
with momentum direction and energy spectra ranging from to
MeV for neutrons, to MeV for 's, to
MeV for , and to MeV for charged hadrons.
Geant4 provides an estimate of detector response (sensitivity) based on an
accurate description of detector geometry, material composition and interaction
of particles with the various detector layers. The MC simulated hit rate is
estimated as a function of the perpendicular distance from the beam line and
agrees with data within the assigned uncertainties of 10-14.5%. This simulation
framework can be used to obtain a reliable estimate of background rates
expected at the High Luminosity LHC.Comment: 16 pages, 9 figures, 6 table
CAD-based computer vision: the automatic generation of recognition stragtegies
Journal ArticleThree-dimensional model-based computer vision uses geometric models of objects and sensed data to recognize objects in a scene. Likewise, Computer Aided Design (CAD) systems are used to interactively generate three-dimensional models during these fields. Recently, the unification of CAD and vision systems has become the focus of research in the context of manufacturing automation. This paper explores the connection between CAD and computer vision. A method for the automatic generation of recognition strategies based on the geometric properties of shape has been devised and implemented. This uses a novel technique developed for quantifying the following properties of features which compose models used in computer vision: robustness, completeness, consistency, cost, and uniqueness. By utilizing this information, the automatic synthesis of a specialized recognition scheme, called a Strategy Tree, is accomplished. Strategy Trees describe, in a systematic and robust manner. the search process used for recognition and localization of particular objects in the given scene. They consist of selected features which satisfy system constraints and Corroborating Evidence Subtrees which are used in the formation of hypotheses. Verification techniques, used to substantiate or refute these hypotheses, are explored. Experiments utilizing 3-D data are presented
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