EVALUACIÓN DE RALEADORES QUÍMICOS EN MANZANOS var. BRAEBURN (Evaluation of chemical thinning treatments on 'Braeburn' apple trees)

During the 1996-97 season, at Colchagua, 6th Region, Chile (34º 38' S lat, 71º06'' W long), a thinning trial was conducted on 7 year-old 'Braeburn'/MM106 apple trees to evaluate the thinning effect of naphthalene acetic acid (ANA), 2.5; 5.0 and 7.5 mg L -1 at balloon stage (BR), and carbaryl (active ingredient 60 and 120 g 100 L -1 ) at petal fall (CP) or ten days after (10 ddCP). Additionally, both products were sprinkled combined, but deferred, as 2.5 or 5.0 ANA at BR, and 60 or 120 carbaryl at CP. A completely randomized design with four replicates per treatment was used. As well, a 3x3 factorial ANOVA at 5% was carried out (0; 60; and 120 carbaryl; 0; 2.5; and 5.0 ANA). After natural fruit fall, the thinning effect was evaluated according to initial charge. All treatments reduced fruit set compared to the control, with the exception of carbaryl 60, 10 ddCP, and ANA 7.5 at BR. No treatment produced over-thinning of the trees. In general, early application of carbaryl at(CP) led to larger size fruit than later application. The ANA treatment which improved fruit size the most was 5.0 ANA at BR. With the combined treatments, the most effective ANA concentration to increase fruit size was 5.0, with no differences due to carbaryl. A good correlation between fruit set and fruit weight was observed (R 2 = 0.69), this was not the case between fruit set and return blossoms. Only with carbaryl was there a response of return blooms to the reduction of fruit set

Evaluación de raleadores químicos en manzanos var. Braeburn.

Se ensayó, durante la temporada 1996-1997, en Colchagua, VI Región, Chile (34º38' lat. S.; 71º06' long. O.) en manzanos Braeburn/MM106, de 7 años, el efecto raleador del ácido naftalén acético (ANA), 2,5; 5,0 y 7,5 mg L-1 en botón rosado (BR) y carbaril (60 y 120 g i.a. 100 L-1) en caída de pétalos (CP) o diez días después (10ddCP). Además se asperjaron combinados, pero diferidamente, 2,5 y 5 de ANA en BR y carbaril 60 ó 120 en CP. Cada tratamiento fueron 4 árboles en un arreglo completamente aleatorizado. Además se efectuó un análisis de varianza con estructura factorial 3x3 (0; 60; 120 carbaril; 0; 2,5; 5,0 ANA). Posterior a las caídas naturales, se evaluó el efecto raleador según carga inicial. Todos los tratamientos redujeron la carga respecto del testigo, excepto carbaril 60, 10 ddCP, y 7,5 ANA. Ningún tratamiento presentó sobrerraleo. En general, las aplicaciones tempranas de carbaril (CP) mostraron mayor efecto sobre el tamaño de frutos que aplicaciones tardías. El tratamiento de ANA que más benefició el tamaño del fruto fue 5,0 mg L-1 en BR. En los tratamientos combinados se observó que 5,0 ANA efectivamente aumenta el tamaño de frutos, sin diferencias debidas a carbaril. Buena correlación existió entre carga inicial y el peso de frutos (R2 = 0,69), no así entre ésta y retorno floral. Sólo con carbaril hubo alguna respuesta del retorno floral con la reducción de la carga frutal

Evaluaci\uf3n de Raleadores Qu\uedmicos en Manzanos var. Braeburn

During the 1996-97 season, at Colchagua, 6th Region, Chile (34\uba 38' S lat, 71\uba06'' W long), a thinning trial was conducted on 7 year-old 'Braeburn'/MM106 apple trees to evaluate the thinning effect of naphthalene acetic acid (ANA), 2.5; 5.0 and 7.5 mg L -1 at balloon stage (BR), and carbaryl (active ingredient 60 and 120 g 100 L -1 ) at petal fall (CP) or ten days after (10 ddCP). Additionally, both products were sprinkled combined, but deferred, as 2.5 or 5.0 ANA at BR, and 60 or 120 carbaryl at CP. A completely randomized design with four replicates per treatment was used. As well, a 3x3 factorial ANOVA at 5% was carried out (0; 60; and 120 carbaryl; 0; 2.5; and 5.0 ANA). After natural fruit fall, the thinning effect was evaluated according to initial charge. All treatments reduced fruit set compared to the control, with the exception of carbaryl 60, 10 ddCP, and ANA 7.5 at BR. No treatment produced over-thinning of the trees. In general, early application of carbaryl at(CP) led to larger size fruit than later application. The ANA treatment which improved fruit size the most was 5.0 ANA at BR. With the combined treatments, the most effective ANA concentration to increase fruit size was 5.0, with no differences due to carbaryl. A good correlation between fruit set and fruit weight was observed (R 2 = 0.69), this was not the case between fruit set and return blossoms. Only with carbaryl was there a response of return blooms to the reduction of fruit set.Se ensay\uf3, durante la temporada 1996-1997, en Colchagua, VI Regi\uf3n, Chile (34\uba38' lat. S.; 71\uba06' long. O.) en manzanos Braeburn/MM106, de 7 a\uf1os, el efecto raleador del \ue1cido naftal\ue9n ac\ue9tico (ANA), 2,5; 5,0 y 7,5 mg L -1 en bot\uf3n rosado (BR) y carbaril (60 y 120 g i.a. 100 L -1 ) en ca\uedda de p\ue9talos (CP) o diez d\uedas despu\ue9s (10ddCP). Adem\ue1s se asperjaron combinados, pero diferidamente, 2,5 y 5 de ANA en BR y carbaril 60 \uf3 120 en CP. Cada tratamiento fueron 4 \ue1rboles en un arreglo completamente aleatorizado. Adem\ue1s se efectu\uf3 un an\ue1lisis de varianza con estructura factorial 3x3 (0; 60; 120 carbaril; 0; 2,5; 5,0 ANA). Posterior a las ca\ueddas naturales, se evalu\uf3 el efecto raleador seg\ufan carga inicial. Todos los tratamientos redujeron la carga respecto del testigo, excepto carbaril 60, 10 ddCP, y 7,5 ANA. Ning\ufan tratamiento present\uf3 sobrerraleo. En general, las aplicaciones tempranas de carbaril (CP) mostraron mayor efecto sobre el tama\uf1o de frutos que aplicaciones tard\uedas. El tratamiento de ANA que m\ue1s benefici\uf3 el tama\uf1o del fruto fue 5,0 mg L -1 en BR. En los tratamientos combinados se observ\uf3 que 5,0 ANA efectivamente aumenta el tama\uf1o de frutos, sin diferencias debidas a carbaril. Buena correlaci\uf3n existi\uf3 entre carga inicial y el peso de frutos (R 2 = 0,69), no as\ued entre \ue9sta y retorno floral. S\uf3lo con carbaril hubo alguna respuesta del retorno floral con la reducci\uf3n de la carga frutal

EVALUACIÓN DE RALEADORES QUÍMICOS EN MANZANOS var. BRAEBURN (Evaluation of chemical thinning treatments on 'Braeburn' apple trees)

During the 1996-97 season, at Colchagua, 6th Region, Chile (34º 38' S lat, 71º06'' W long), a thinning trial was conducted on 7 year-old 'Braeburn'/MM106 apple trees to evaluate the thinning effect of naphthalene acetic acid (ANA), 2.5; 5.0 and 7.5 mg L -1 at balloon stage (BR), and carbaryl (active ingredient 60 and 120 g 100 L -1 ) at petal fall (CP) or ten days after (10 ddCP). Additionally, both products were sprinkled combined, but deferred, as 2.5 or 5.0 ANA at BR, and 60 or 120 carbaryl at CP. A completely randomized design with four replicates per treatment was used. As well, a 3x3 factorial ANOVA at 5% was carried out (0; 60; and 120 carbaryl; 0; 2.5; and 5.0 ANA). After natural fruit fall, the thinning effect was evaluated according to initial charge. All treatments reduced fruit set compared to the control, with the exception of carbaryl 60, 10 ddCP, and ANA 7.5 at BR. No treatment produced over-thinning of the trees. In general, early application of carbaryl at(CP) led to larger size fruit than later application. The ANA treatment which improved fruit size the most was 5.0 ANA at BR. With the combined treatments, the most effective ANA concentration to increase fruit size was 5.0, with no differences due to carbaryl. A good correlation between fruit set and fruit weight was observed (R 2 = 0.69), this was not the case between fruit set and return blossoms. Only with carbaryl was there a response of return blooms to the reduction of fruit set

Relación entre el crecimiento radical de vid 'Thompson Seedless' y la temperatura del suelo

With the purpose of characterizing the growth of the root system of table grapes ( Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Thompson Seedless and its relationship with soil temperature, research was carried out during the 2004-2005 growing season in vineyards in the Copiapó and Huasco Valleys. Four plants were chosen and rhizotrons were used to measure the growth of the root system. Measurements were performed once a week from September 2004 to September 2005, estimating the intensity of root growth and its annual distribution in the ranges of 0 to 40, 40 to 80 and 80 to 120 cm of soil depth. Temperature sensors were installed in four plants at 25, 50, 75 and 100 cm of soil depth, and the temperature was registered every 1 h. The thermal diffusivity of the soil was calculated based on the annual mean temperature and annual thermal amplitude values. Root growth occurred throughout the year, presenting lower intensity in July (winter). Root systems presented different patterns in the distribution of growth intensity in the three soil depths, with variations in the order of five times in maximum annual growth intensity among sites. High thermal diffusivity in soils favored root growth.Con el objetivo de caracterizar el crecimiento del sistema radical de la vid ( Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Thompson Seedless y su relación con la temperatura del suelo, durante la temporada 2004- 2005 se llevó a cabo un estudio en parronales ubicados en los valles de Copiapó y Huasco. Se instalaron cuatro cámaras de observación de raíces o rizotrones en plantas homogéneas, en plena producción, pie franco, sanas, y ubicadas en diferentes localidades de la región. Las mediciones del crecimiento de las raíces se efectuaron semanalmente, desde septiembre de 2004 hasta completar 1 año, estimándose la intensidad de crecimiento radical anual y su distribución en los rangos de 0 a 40, 40 a 80 y 80 a 120 cm de profundidad. Adicionalmente, se instalaron sensores de temperatura a 25, 50, 75 y 100 cm de profundidad y se registró la temperatura cada 1 h. Con los valores de temperatura media anual y amplitud térmica anual se calculó la difusividad térmica de los suelos. Se observó crecimiento radical durante todo el año presentando menor intensidad en el mes de julio (invierno). Las raíces mostraron diferentes patrones en la distribución de la intensidad de crecimiento en los tres rangos de profundidad, con variaciones entre los sitios de hasta cinco veces en la máxima intensidad de crecimiento anual. Suelos con difusividades térmicas altas presentaron ambientes favorables para el crecimiento de raíces

Desarrollo de competencias cognitivas y procedimentales en estudiantes universitarios de ciencias e ingenierías a través de la resolución de problemas

IP 1102-11-1036

Essential Features of an Interstitial Lung Disease Multidisciplinary Meeting An International Delphi Survey

Rationale: The interstitial lung disease (ILD) multidisciplinary meetings (MDM), composed of pulmonologists, radiologists, and pathologists, is integral to the rendering of an accurate ILD diagnosis. However, there is significant heterogeneity in the conduct of ILD MDMs, and questions regarding their best practices remain unanswered. Objectives: To achieve consensus among ILD experts on essential components of an ILD MDM. Methods: Using a Delphi methodology, semi-structured interviews with ILD experts were used to identify key themes and features of ILD MDMs. These items informed two subsequent rounds of online questionnaires that were used to achieve consensus among a broader, international panel of ILD experts. Experts were asked to rate their level of agreement on a five-point Likert scale. An a priori threshold for consensus was set at a median score 4 or 5 with an interquartile range of 0. Results: We interviewed 15 ILD experts, and 102 ILD experts participated in the online questionnaires. Five items and two exploratory statements achieved consensus on being essential for an ILD MDM following two questionnaire rounds. There was consensus that the presence of at least one radiologist, a quiet setting with a visual projection system, a high-quality chest high-resolution computed tomography, and a standardized template summarizing collated patient data are essential components of an ILD MDM. Experts also agreed that it would be useful for ILD MDMs to undergo an annual benchmarking process and a validation process by fulfilling a minimum number of cases annually. Twenty-seven additional features were considered to be either highly desirable or desirable features based on the degree of consensus. Although our findings on desirable features are similar to the current literature, several of these remain controversial and warrant further research. The study also showed an agreement among participants on several future concepts to improve the ILD MDM, such as performing regular self-assessments and conducting research into shared practices to develop an international expert guideline statement on ILD MDMs. Conclusions: This Delphi study showed consensus among international ILD experts on essential and desirable features of an ILD MDM. Our data represent an important step toward potential collaborative research into future standardization of ILD MDMs