Centralized Microgrid Control System in Compliance with IEEE 2030.7 Standard Based on an Advanced Field Unit

The necessity for the utilization of microgrids emerges from the integration of distributed energy resources, electric vehicles, and battery storage systems into the conventional grid structure. In order to achieve a proper operation of the microgrid, the presence of a microgrid control system is crucial. The IEEE 2030.7 standard defines the microgrid control system as a key element of the microgrid that regulates every aspect of it at the point-of-interconnection with the distribution system, and autonomously manages operations such as the transitions of operating modes. In this paper, a microgrid control system is developed to achieve real-time monitoring and control through a centralized approach. The controller consists of a centralized server and advanced field units that are also developed during this work. The control functions of the centralized server ensure the proper operation during grid-connected and island modes, using the real-time data received via the advanced field unit. The developed server and the field unit constitute a complete system solution. The server is composed of control function and communication, database, and user interface modules. The microgrid control functions comprise dispatch and transition core-level functions. A rule-based core-level dispatch function guarantees the security of supply to critical loads during the islanded mode. The core-level transition function accomplishes a successful transition between the operation modes. Moreover, a communication framework and a graphical user interface are implemented. The presented system is tested through thecases based on the IEEE 2030.8 standard

Application of spinal anesthesia in a pediatric patient with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy

Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a neuromuscular disease with a progressive course. It is the most common and most severe muscular dystrophic disorder for which the application of anesthesia is critical, due to muscle weakness, and cardiac and pulmonary involvement. Successful application of spinal anesthesia in a 2-year-old boy with DMD undergoing bilateral inguinal hernia repair is described in the present report. It is proposed that spinal anesthesia is an effective alternative to general anesthesia in certain pediatric patients, including those with DMD, for whom general anesthesia poses increased risk

Congenital insensitivity to pain: How should anesthesia be managed?

Congenital insensitivity to pain syndrome is a rare, sensorial and autonomic neuropathy characterized by unexplained fever, insensitivity to pain and anhidrosis. Patients may require anesthesia even for minor surgical procedures due to mental retardation and trauma arising from self-mutilating behavior. A child diagnosed with congenital insensitivity to pain syndrome was scheduled for gastric endoscopy under sedation due to suspected ingestion of a household cleaning disinfectant. Deep sedation was achieved, and spontaneous respiration was maintained. We did not encounter any complications. There is limited data regarding the safe anesthesia management in these patients because of the rarity of the disease. Therefore, we think that more clinical experience, case reports and studies are needed to establish the appropriate anesthesia management

The use of flexible laryngeal mask airway for Adenoidectomies: An experience of 814 Paediatric patients

Objective: To assess flexible laryngeal mask airway (F-LMA) use during pediatric adenoidectomies in terms of patient safety, comfort, complication rates and surgeon satisfaction levels. Methods: Patients who had undergone an elective adenoidectomy after receiving general anesthesia using F-LMA from June 2012 to November 2015 were included. Patients' demographics and the incidence of perioperative complications were investigated. The surgeon's satisfaction level was also evaluated by questionnaire. Results: Eight hundred fourteen patient were included in the study. Conversion from F-LMA to an endotracheal tube was carried out in two patients (0.2%). Airway complications were identified in two patients. The mean duration of stay in the postoperative anesthesia care unit was 17 minutes. All patients were discharged the same day. According to the otolaryngologists F-LMA applications provide a significant reduction in the processing time (100%), postoperative patient comfort is better than when using endotracheal intubation (83.3%) and the consensus was that there should be a complete continuation of the use of the F-LMA (100%) in subsequent adenoidectomies. Conclusion: Our data show that the use of F-LMA for pediatric adenoidectomies has well tolerability profile and resulted in a lower incidence of complications. We think that the use of F-LMA for pediatric adenoidectomy is safer, simpler and speeder method

Localizing merging black holes with sub-arcsecond precision using gravitational-wave lensing

The current gravitational-wave (GW) localization methods rely mainly on sources with electromagnetic counterparts. Unfortunately, a binary black hole does not emit light. Due to this, it is generally not possible to localize these objects precisely. However, strongly lensed gravitational waves, which are forecasted in this decade, could allow us to localize the binary by locating its lensed host galaxy. Identifying the correct host galaxy is challenging because there are hundreds to thousands of other lensed galaxies within the sky area spanned by the GW observation. However, we can constrain the lensing galaxy’s physical properties through both GW and electromagnetic observations. We show that these simultaneous constraints allow one to localize quadruply lensed waves to one or at most a few galaxies with the LIGO/Virgo/Kagra network in typical scenarios. Once we identify the host, we can localize the binary to two sub-arcsec regions within the host galaxy. Moreover, we demonstrate how to use the system to measure the Hubble constant as a proof-of-principle application

Administration of paracetamol versus dipyrone by intravenous patient-controlled analgesia for postoperative pain relief in children after tonsillectomy

Background and objective: We compared the efficacy of intravenous (iv) paracetamol versus dipyrone via patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) for postoperative pain relief in children. Methods: The study was composed of 120 children who had undergone elective tonsillectomy after receiving general anesthesia. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to the dosage of postoperative intravenous-patient-controlled analgesia: paracetamol, dipyrone, or placebo. Pain was evaluated using a 0- to 100-mm visual analog scale and 1- to 4-pain relief score at 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24h postoperatively. Pethidine (0.25 mg kg 1) was administered intravenously to patients requiring rescue analgesia. Pethidine requirements were recorded during the first 24h postoperatively, and treatment related adverse effects were noted. Results: Postoperative visual analog scale scores were significantly lower with paracetamol group compared with placebo group at 6h (p 0.05). Postoperative pethidine requirements were significantly lower with paracetamol and dipyrone groups compared with placebo group (62.5%, 68.4% vs 90%, p 0.05). Conclusions: Paracetamol and dipyrone have well tolerability profile and effective analgesic properties when administered iv-PCA for postoperative analgesia in children after tonsillectomy. (C) 2013 Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE ANESTESIOLOGIA Administration of paracetamol versus dipyrone by intravenous patient-controlled analgesia for postoperative pain relief in children after tonsillectomy PALAVRAS-CHAVE

Abstract Background and objective: We compared the efficacy of intravenous (IV) paracetamol versus dipyrone via patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) for postoperative pain relief in children. Methods: The study was composed of 120 children who had undergone elective tonsillectomy after receiving general anesthesia. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to the dosage of postoperative intravenous-patient-controlled analgesia: paracetamol, dipyrone, or placebo. Pain was evaluated using a 0-to 100-mm visual analog scale and 1-to 4-pain relief score at 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h postoperatively. Pethidine (0.25 mg kg −1 ) was administered intravenously to patients requiring rescue analgesia. Pethidine requirements were recorded during the first 24 h postoperatively, and treatment related adverse effects were noted. Results: Postoperative visual analog scale scores were significantly lower with paracetamol group compared with placebo group at 6 h (p < 0.05), dipyrone group compared with placebo group at 30 min and 6 h (p < 0.05). No significant differences regarding visual analog scale values at 1, 2, 4, 12, and 24 h were found. No significant differences were found between groups with respect to pain relief score (p > 0.05). Postoperative pethidine requirements were significantly lower with paracetamol and dipyrone groups compared with placebo group (62.5%, 68.4% vs 90%, p < 0.05). No significant differences were found between groups with respect to nausea, vomiting and the any other adverse effects of the drugs (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Paracetamol and dipyrone have well tolerability profile and effective analgesic properties when administered IV-PCA for postoperative analgesia in children after tonsillectomy. © 2013 Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved. PALAVRAS-CHAVE Analgesia; Controlada pelo paciente; Pediatria; Dor; Pós-operatório; Tonsilectomia Administração de paracetamol versus dipirona em analgesia controlada pelo paciente por via intravenosa para alívio da dor no pós-operatório de crianças após tonsilectomia Resumo Justificativa e objetivo: Comparamos a eficácia da administração de paracetamol versus dipirona em analgesia controlada pelo paciente (PCA) por via intravenosa (IV) para alívio da dor no período pós-operatório em crianças. Métodos: O estudo foi composto por 120 crianças submetidas à tonsilectomia sob anestesia geral. Os pacientes foram divididos em três grupos de acordo com a dose IV de analgesia controlada pelo paciente no pós-operatório: paracetamol, dipirona ou placebo. A dor foi avaliada usando uma escala visual analógica de 0-100 mm e escore de 1-4 para alívio da dor nos tempos de 30 minutos, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12 e 24 horas de pós-operatório. Petidina (0,25 mg kg −1 ) foi administrada IV aos pacientes que precisaram de analgesia de resgate. A necessidade de petidina foi registrada durante as primeiras 24 h de pós-operatório, e os efeitos adversos relacionados ao tratamento foram registrados. Resultados: Os escores da escala visual analógica no pós-operatório foram significativamente menores no grupo paracetamol em comparação com o grupo placebo em 6 h (p < 0,05), no grupo dipirona em comparação com o grupo placebo em 30 min e 6 h (p < 0,05). Não houve diferença significativa em relação aos valores da escala visual analógica nos tempos avaliados de 1, 2, 4, 12 e 24 horas. Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos quanto ao escore de alívio da dor (p > 0,05). A necessidade de petidina foi significativamente menor nos grupos paracetamol e dipirona em comparação com o grupo placebo (62,5%, 68,4% vs. 90%, p < 0,05). Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos em relação à incidência de náusea, vômito e outros efeitos adversos dos medicamentos (p > 0,05). Conclusões: Paracetamol e dipirona possuem um perfil de boa tolerabilidade e propriedades analgésicas eficazes quando administrados IV para ACP no pós-operatório de crianças após tonsilectomia

The efficacy of intravenous paracetamol versus dipyrone for postoperative analgesia after day-case lower abdominal surgery in children with spinal anesthesia: a prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study

BACKGROUND: A multimodal and preventative approach to providing postoperative analgesia is becoming increasingly popular for children and adults, with the aim of reducing reliance on opioids. We conducted a prospective, randomized double-blind study to compare the analgesic efficacy of intravenous paracetamol and dipyrone in the early postoperative period in school-age children undergoing lower abdominal surgery with spinal anesthesia. METHODS: Sixty children scheduled for elective lower abdominal surgery under spinal anesthesia were randomized to receive either intravenous paracetamol 15 mg/kg, dipyrone 15 mg/kg or isotonic saline. The primary outcome measure was pain at rest, assessed by means of a visual analog scale 15 min, 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h and 6 h after surgery. If needed, pethidine 0.25 mg/kg was used as the rescue analgesic. Time to first administration of rescue analgesic, cumulative pethidine requirements, adverse effects and complications were also recorded. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in age, sex, weight, height or duration of surgery between the groups. Pain scores were significantly lower in the paracetamol group at 1 h (P = 0.030) and dipyrone group at 2 h (P = 0.010) when compared with placebo. The proportion of patients requiring rescue analgesia was significantly lower in the paracetamol and dipyrone groups than the placebo group (vs. paracetamol P = 0.037; vs. dipyrone P = 0.020). Time to first analgesic requirement appeared shorter in the placebo group but this difference was not statistically significant, nor were there significant differences in pethidine requirements, adverse effects or complications. CONCLUSION: After lower abdominal surgery conducted under spinal anesthesia in children, intravenous paracetamol appears to have similar analgesic properties to intravenous dipyrone, suggesting that it can be used as an alternative in the early postoperative period. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trials.gov. Identifier: NCT01858402

Localizing merging black holes with sub-arcsecond precision using gravitational-wave lensing

The current gravitational-wave (GW) localization methods rely mainly on sources with electromagnetic counterparts. Unfortunately, a binary black hole does not emit light. Due to this, it is generally not possible to localize these objects precisely. However, strongly lensed gravitational waves, which are forecasted in this decade, could allow us to localize the binary by locating its lensed host galaxy. Identifying the correct host galaxy is challenging because there are hundreds to thousands of other lensed galaxies within the sky area spanned by the GW observation. However, we can constrain the lensing galaxy’s physical properties through both GW and electromagnetic observations. We show that these simultaneous constraints allow one to localize quadruply lensed waves to one or at most a few galaxies with the LIGO/Virgo/Kagra network in typical scenarios. Once we identify the host, we can localize the binary to two sub-arcsec regions within the host galaxy. Moreover, we demonstrate how to use the system to measure the Hubble constant as a proof-of-principle application