Utilization of Lazer Therapy in Dentistry as Contemporary Application in Albania

Laser therapy or in other words Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation Therapy is broadly utilized in dental medicine worldwide. A variety of lasers is now available for use in dentistry. This paper aims to bring key current and emerging applications for lasers in clinical practice. In Albania and Balkan region as well dentistry is one of the most advanced medical field using the most up to date clinical assessment, diagnosis and treatment as in developed countries with high standard of oral health care. A major diagnostic application of low power lasers is the detection of caries, using fluorescence elicited from hydroxyapatite or from bacterial by-products. Laser fluorescence is an effective method for detecting and quantifying incipient occlusal and cervical carious lesions, and with further refinement could be used in the same manner for proximal lesions. Photoactivated dye techniques have been developed which use low power lasers to elicit a photochemical reaction. Photoactivated dye techniques can be used to disinfect root canals, periodontal pockets, cavity preparations and sites of peri-implantitis. Using similar principles, more powerful lasers can be used for photodynamic therapy in the treatment of malignancies of the oral mucosa. Laser-driven photochemical reactions can also be used for tooth whitening. In combination with fluoride, laser irradiation can improve the resistance of tooth structure to demineralization, and this application is of particular benefit for susceptible sites in high caries risk patients. Laser technology for caries removal, cavity preparation and soft tissue surgery is at a high state of refinement, having had several decades of development up to the present time. In conclusion, utilization of laser therapy is not only a non surgical important tool but as excellent therapeutic application with proven data of evidence based of medical dental care. Used in conjunction with or as a replacement for traditional methods, it is expected that specific laser technologies will become an essential component of contemporary dental practice over the next decade. Keywords: Laser, dentistry, diagnostic, therapy, current practic

The Antimicrobial Effect of Diode Laser with Heat Producing toward E.Faecalis in Root Canals and in Periapical Lesions

In our study we tested the efficacy of disinfection with diode laser Nd : YAG root canals of single-rooted teeth and lesion models of different sizes (6, 10 and 14 mm), in which we put the teeth and made?? an in vitro model. Teeth and models we re-infected with E. faecalis, as one of the most common microbes for re-infection, till the growth of the biofilm. The growth of the biofilm was confirmed microbiologically on agar plates. Viability of microorganisms in the samples after laser treatment and compared to samples without treatment, were analyzed with a fluorescence method by flow Cytometry. Therapy with diode laser Nd : YAG showed a significant increase in the percentage of dead cells compared to the control group. At the same time we have found a significant difference between the different dimensions of periapical lesions. The smallest dimension lesions of 6 mm showed the highest number of dead cells. Keywords: Periapical lesions, diode laser Nd : YAG, root canal disinfectio

THE EFFICANCY OF DIODE LASER ND:YAG IN ROOT CANALS AND PERIAPICAL LESIONS

In our study we tested the efficacy of disinfection with diode laser Nd : YAG root canals of single-rooted teeth and lesion models of different sizes (6, 10 and 14 mm), in which we put the teeth and made an in vitro model. Teeth and models we re-infected with E. faecalisor and S. mitis, as one of the most common microbes for re-infection, till the growth of the biofilm. The growth of the biofilm was confirmed microbiologically on agar plates. Viability of microorganisms in the samples after laser treatment and compared to samples without treatment, were analyzed with a fluorescence method by flow Cytometry. Therapy with diode laser Nd : YAG showed a significant increase in the percentage of dead cells compared to the control group. At the same time we have found a significant difference between the different dimensions of periapical lesions. The smallest dimension lesions of 6 mm showed the highest number of dead cells. When compared E. faecalis and S. mitis we have not found any difference between the sizes of lesions, or between the duration of irradiation. These results indicate that the laser diode does not have the best toxic effects of heat, which is produced by the laser radiation, so the diode laser Nd : YAG radiation alone could not destroy all bacteria, so re-infection is still possible. However, we think that application of laser in combination with the standard methods of irrigation and instrumentation or the application of dyes for photodynamic therapy, we could obtain greater efficacy of disinfection

Epidemiology of chronic pain in Kosovo and its impact on public health

Background Chronic pain is a common, complex, and distressing problem that significantly impacts public health. Worldwide, the burden caused by chronic pain is escalating: 1.9 billion people were affected by recurrent tension-type headaches, the most common symptomatic chronic condition. In the literature review was found that chronic pain affects 10-55% of the adult population. This paper aimed to learn more about chronic pain and its impact on public health. Methodology The research was of retrospective type. There was a literature review of the epidemiological data on chronic pain, separating cancer pain and non-cancer pain where possible. The medical protocols in the Main Center of Family Medicine in Prizren and in the General Hospital of Prizren were analyzed, specifically in the internal ward, rheumatology service, neurology ward, orthopedic ward, and emergency service. Data are obtained for the period January-December 2021. Results As long as we do not have a register at the national level, we can not conclude what is the incidence of cases of chronic pain in Kosovo. However, according to the results obtained from the protocols of MFMC and the Hospital in Prizren, chronic pain has been the most common symptom of patient visits. Based on the data from the analysis, it was noticed that the female gender (62%) was more affected by chronic pain, while no case was under 18 years old. Of the identified chronic pains, headache has dominated, then back pain, neck pain, and muscle pain in general. There was no protocol for the treatment of chronic pain in either the MFMC or the Prizren Hospital. Conclusion The risk factors related to chronic pain need to be addressed by managing the causes and effects of chronic pain. As there is no chronic pain registry and chronic pain treatment protocol nationwide, it is important to establish them to improve the well-being of the population

Possibility of improving postoperative pain management by improving daily practices

Persistent postoperative pain is common after most surgical procedures.1 The burden of untreated postoperative pain is high.2 Postoperative pain has been poorly managed for decades. There is good quality evidence that supports many of the common agents utilized in multimodal therapy, however, there is a lack of evidence regarding optimal postoperative protocols or pathways.3 Multimodal pain management provides additional pain relief until the fourth postoperative day, improves patient satisfaction at discharge, and reduces total narcotic consumption for postoperative pain management

Disinfection of infected artificial dental periapical lesions with diode laser

Background: Periapical lesions are primarily caused by infections in the root canals. The objective of this study was to assess the antibacterial effectiveness of diode laser during root canal treatment in artificial models of infected periapical lesions. Material and methods: One hundred twenty-two extracted premolar single-rooted teeth were inserted into methyl methacrylate artificial models of periapical lesions, and bacterial solutions of Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) and Streptococcus mitis (ATCC 49456) were then applied to the models. The respective diameters of lesions in the artificial models represented 3 different subgroups based on lesion size. The laser protocol used for endodontic disinfection had a power output of 1.5 W and a wavelength of 810 nm. The impact on cell viability was evaluated by flow cytometry. Results: Disinfection with laser did not differ between microorganisms (P=0.137), and laser irradiation with a longer duration had better disinfecting action for both microorganisms (P<0.001). Compared with larger lesions, smaller lesions had a higher percentage of dead cells for both microorganisms (P<0.001). The percentage of dead cells in the treatment groups was significantly higher than in the control group (P<0.001). Conclusions: Laser treatment had a poor, almost negligible effect on elimination of bacterial cells in large periapical lesions. Application of a laser might serve as an adjuvant method to standard irrigation with sodium hypochlorite