Turkish lexicon expansion by using finite state automata

© 2019 The Authors. Published by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. This is an open access article available under a Creative Commons licence. The published version can be accessed at the following link on the publisher’s website: https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/elektrik/issues/elk-19-27-2/elk-27-2-25-1804-10.pdfTurkish is an agglutinative language with rich morphology. A Turkish verb can have thousands of different word forms. Therefore, sparsity becomes an issue in many Turkish natural language processing (NLP) applications. This article presents a model for Turkish lexicon expansion. We aimed to expand the lexicon by using a morphological segmentation system by reversing the segmentation task into a generation task. Our model uses finite-state automata (FSA) to incorporate orthographic features and morphotactic rules. We extracted orthographic features by capturing phonological operations that are applied to words whenever a suffix is added. Each FSA state corresponds to either a stem or a suffix category. Stems are clustered based on their parts-of-speech (i.e. noun, verb, or adjective) and suffixes are clustered based on their allomorphic features. We generated approximately 1 million word forms by using only a few thousand Turkish stems with an accuracy of 82.36%, which will help to reduce the out-of-vocabulary size in other NLP applications. Although our experiments are performed on Turkish language, the same model is also applicable to other agglutinative languages such as Hungarian and Finnish.Published versio

Toplumsal Duyarlılık Projeleri Çocuk Haklarının Hayata Geçirilmesi ve Mesleki Gelişim için Bir Araç Olabilir Mi?

Bu araştırmada, Sınıf Öğretmenliği Lisans Programındaki Toplumsal Duyarlılık Projesi (TDP) dersleri kapsamında Aile ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı bünyesinde bulunan çocukların katılım haklarının hayata geçirilmesini desteklemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilen bir projenin sağlayabileceği çoklu faydanın incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Durum araştırması olarak gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmada proje kapsamında gerçekleştirilen uygulamaların Aile ve Sosyal Hizmetler bünyesindeki çocuklar ve sınıf öğretmeni adayları açısından sağlayabileceği faydalar incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın katılımcılarını ölçüt örnekleme yöntemiyle belirlenen 57 sınıf öğretmeni adayıyla Aile Sosyal Hizmetler bünyesinde görev yapan üç proje koordinasyon sorumlusu oluşturmuştur. Projede veriler; Öğretmen Adayı Görüşme Formu, Proje Koordinasyon Sorumlusu Görüşme Formu ve Öğretmen Adayı Öz Değerlendirme yazılarıyla toplanmıştır. Toplanan veriler içerik analiziyle çözümlenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, “Öğrenciler için çocuk hakları bağlamında sağlanan katkılar”, “Öğretmen adaylarına mesleki gelişim bağlamında sağlanan katılar” ve “Proje ile ilgili görüş ve önerler” olmak üzere üç temaya ulaşılmıştır. Bu kapsamda, projenin etkili ve faydalı bulunduğu, süreç organizasyonuna bağlı olarak birtakım sorunlar yaşandığı, lisans eğitimi süresince uygulamaların devam etmesi, uygulamaların kapsamının genişletilmesi sonuçlarına ulaşılmıştır

ELASTİK ÖTESİ SPEKTRUM KULLANILARAK YAPILARIN DOĞRUSAL OLMAYAN ANALİZİ

Yapıların doğrusal dinamik analizinde daha karmaşık yöntemler yerine spektral analiz yöntemi kullanılmaktadır. Elastik analiz ile ilgili çalışmalar, spektral analiz ile elde edilen sonuçların, zaman tanım alanında analize ait olanlara yakın olduğunu göstermiştir. İşletme yükleri altında yapı elastik davranış sergilerken, deprem etkisi durumunda elastik ötesi analiz gerekli olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada elastik ötesi analiz için literatürde önerilmiş olan bir yöntem açıklanmıştır. Sunulan yöntemde elastik ötesi spektrum kullanılmaktadır. Çalışmanın sonunda yöntemin değerlendirmesi için bir örnek incelenmiştir

Automatic Segmentation of Land Cover in Satellite Images

Semantic segmentation problems such as landcover segmentation rely on large amounts of annotated images to excel. Without such data for target regions, transfer learning methods are widely used to incorporate knowledge from other areas and domains to improve performance. In this study, we analyze the performance of landcover segmentation models trained on low-resolution images with insufficient data for the targeted region or zoom level. In order to boost performance on target data, we experiment with models trained with unsupervised, semi-supervised, and supervised transfer learning approaches, including satellite images from public datasets and other unlabeled sources.According to experimental results, transfer learning improves segmentation performance by 3.4% MIoU (mean intersection over union) in rural regions and 12.9% MIoU in urban regions. We observed that transfer learning is more effective when two datasets share a comparable zoom level and are labeled with identical rules; otherwise, semi-supervised learning is more effective using unlabeled data. Pseudo labeling based unsupervised domain adaptation method improved building detection performance in urban cities. In addition, experiments showed that HRNet outperformed building segmentation approaches in multi-class segmentation

An examinationof fear of crime and perception of risk by genderSuç korkusu ve risk algısının toplumsal cinsiyet açısından incelenmesi

Fear of crime has become one of the most popular subjects in social sciences in the past fifty years. Primarily an area of interest in criminology, the fear of crime has lately been analysed from a sociological perspective, and personal and environmental factors that generate the fear of victimisation have been examined. Researches conducted so far suggest that the fear of crime has become one of the social problems that modern societies confront and women are more fearful of victimisation when compared to men. This study aims at understanding whether there are any differences on the fear of crime based on gender and what types of precautions females take in order to avoid crime. The survey has been carried out in the city of Mersin. A questionnaire form developed by Ferraro (1995) and adapted to Turkish language by Kul (2009) has been used. The findings obtained from the survey have confirmed the literature. Accordingly, women’s fear of crime has been found to be significantly higher than that of men. Women are most afraid of being exposed to sexual abuse and rape. Additionally, women exhibit more avoidance behaviours in order not to be a victim of crime.  ÖzetSuç korkusu son 50 yılda sosyal bilimlerde popüler olan konulardandır. Öncelikle kriminolojinin ilgi alanına girdiği görülen suç korkusu daha sonraları sosyolojik perspektiften de incelenmeye başlanmış, mağduriyet korkusuna neden olan bireysel ve çevresel faktörler incelenmiştir. Yapılan araştırmalar suç korkusunun artık modern toplumların karşılaştığı sosyal sorunlardan birisi olduğunu, kadınların erkeklere kıyasla daha çok mağduriyet korkusu yaşadıklarını göstermektedir. Bu çalışma suç korkusunun cinsiyet açısından farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığını, kadınların suçtan korunma amacıyla ne tür önlemler aldığını ortaya koymak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışma Mersin’de gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada Ferraro (1995) tarafından geliştirilen ve Kul (2009) tarafından Türkçeye uyarlanan anket formu kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada elde edilen veriler literatürü desteklemektedir. Buna göre kadınların suç korkuları erkeklerden anlamlı düzeyde yüksektir. Kadınlar en çok cinsel taciz ve tecavüze uğramaktan korkmaktadır. Bunun yanında suç mağduriyeti yaşamamak için daha çok kaçınma davranışı sergilemektedirler

A Case, Who Applied with Autistic Symptoms, Diagnosed as Limbic Encephalitis

Childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD) is a neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized as autism spectrum disorder in DSM 5 which is described by regression in the areas of communication, social interaction skills and motor behavior that develop normally in the first years of life. Autoimmune limbic encephalitis occurs with clinical manifestations of limbic system involvement such as subacute memory malformation, various neuropsychiatric symptoms, behavioral disturbances, and temporal lobe seizures. In this paper; an 7-year-old girl who applied with CDD findings, and diagnosed with limbic encephalitis after physical examination with symptoms persisted after IVIG treatment, was reported. Although autistic symptoms due to limbic encephalitis may be rarely seen in the clinic, autistic symptoms that are particularly acute or subacute are important neurological diagnoses that should be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of psychiatric patients

Investigation of the effect of using ultrasonic fuel system on exhaust emissions in a spark ignition engine

Buji ateşlemeli motorlarda kullanılan yakıtın parçalanıp hava ile karıştırılması, yanma ve egzoz emisyonu üzerinde oldukça etkilidir. Motorun farklı çalışma koşullarına uygun ideal hava-yakıt karışım oranını hazırlamak için yakıt sistemleri üzerinde çalışılmalar yapılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada buji ateşlemeli motorlarda kullanılan geleneksel yakıt sistemlerine alternatif olarak ultrasonik yakıt sistemi kullanılmıştır. Buji ateşlemeli motorlarda kullanılan enjektörlü yakıt sisteminde 20-30 µm olan ortalama damlacık çapı, ultrasonik parçalama ile ortalama damlacık çapı 12 µm olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Motor ½ sabit yükte farklı devirlerde ultrasonik, karbüratörlü ve enjeksiyonlu yakıt sistemleri ile çalıştırılıp egzoz emisyonları ölçülmüştür. Üç yakıt sistemi için ölçülen egzoz emisyonlarının maksimum değerleri karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Ultrasonik yakıt sistemi kullanıldığında, karbüratörlü sisteme göre CO da %99, HC de %60, NOx de %18 azalma, CO2 de % 10 ve artış olduğu, enjektörlü sisteme göre CO da %99, CO2 de %12, HC de %45 azalma, NOx de % 55 artış olduğu görülmüştür. Genel olarak ultrasonik yakıt sisteminin egzoz emisyonları üzerinde olumlu etkisinin olduğu belirlenmiştir.Fragmentation and mixing of the fuel used in spark ignition engines with air is highly effective on combustion and exhaust emissions. Studies are carried out on fuel systems in order to prepare the ideal air-fuel mixture ratio suitable for different operating conditions of the engine. In this study, ultrasonic fuel system was used as an alternative to the traditional fuel systems used in spark ignition engines. The average droplet diameter of 20-30 µm in the injector fuel system used in spark ignition engines has been realized as 12 µm with ultrasonic fragmentation. The engine was run at ½ constant load at different speeds with ultrasonic, carburetor and injection fuel systems, and exhaust emissions were measured. The maximum values of the measured exhaust emissions for the three fuel systems were examined comparatively. When the ultrasonic fuel system is used, there is a 99% reduction in CO, 60% in HC, 18% in NOx, 10% and an increase in CO2 compared to the carburetor system, 99% reduction in CO, 12% in CO2, and 45% in HC compared to the injector system. It was observed that there was a 55% increase in NOx. In general, it has been determined that the ultrasonic fuel system has a positive effect on exhaust emissions

Is there a difference between the readabilities of informed consent forms used for procedures in the emergency services of state and university hospitals in Turkey?

Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the readability levels of informed consent forms (ICFs) used for procedures in the emergency services of state and university hospitals by comparing through readability formulas. Materials and Methods: ICFs used in emergency medicine clinics in different university and state hospitals in Turkey were collected, and forms that were the same were included in the evaluation only once. A total of 32 ICFs, with 15 from university hospitals and 17 from state hospitals, were evaluated. Average word number, syllable number, and words with syllable number of four and above were calculated. Different formulas were used to determine readability levels. Results: Although the readability of ICFs used in university hospitals was found to be better than those in state hospitals, the readability levels of the ICFs for both groups were detected to have medium difficulty according to the Atesman formula, very difficult according to the Flesch-Kincaid formula, difficult according to the Gunning-Fog formula, and at high school level according to the Bezirci-Yilmaz formula. Conclusion: In conclusion, the readability rates of emergency procedure ICFs in both state hospitals and university hospitals were detected to be rather low according to the present study. The education level of our country and the local environment should be considered while preparing these ICFs

The impact of lung ultrasound on coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia suspected patients admitted to emergency departments

Objective The aim of this study was to identify the sensitivity and specificity of lung ultrasound (LUS) and show its place in diagnosing patients with known coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia, according to chest computed tomography and the COVID-19 reporting and data system (CO-RADS). Methods Nineteen patients who admitted to a single university hospital emergency department between March 5, 2020, and April 27, 2020, describing dyspnea were included in the study and underwent LUS by a single emergency specialist. The patient population was divided into 2 groups, COVID-19 positive and negative, and the sensitivity and specificity of LUS according to chest computed tomography were calculated for COVID-19 pneumonia diagnosis. In the subgroup analysis, the patient group was divided into real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction positive (n = 7) and negative (n = 12), and sensitivity and specificity were calculated according to the CO-RADS. Results According to the CO-RADS, significant differences were detected between the LUS positive and negative groups in terms of COVID-19 pneumonia presence. Only 1 patient was evaluated as CO-RADS 2 in the LUS positive group, and 2 patients were evaluated as CO-RADS 4 in the LUS negative group (P = 0.04). The sensitivity of LUS according to the CO-RADS for COVID-19 pneumonia diagnosis was measured to be 77.78% (95% confidence interval [CI], 39.9%-97.1%), specificity was 90% (95% CI, 55.5%-99.75%), positive predictive value was 87.5% (95% CI, 51.35%-97.8%), and accuracy was 84.21% (95% CI, 60.4%-96.62%; P = 0.004). Conclusions In conclusion, LUS is easily used in the diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia because it has bedside application and is fast, easy to apply, reproducible, radiation free, safe for pregnant women, and cheap