In the jaws of the dragon: The United States Second Infantry Division in the battle of the Chongchon River, Korea, November 24-December 1, 1950

The Battle of the Chongchon River was the worst defeat suffered by the U.S. Army since the fall of Bataan and Corregidor in 1942, and claimed more American lives than any other battle ever fought by the United States in the post-World War II era. The United States Second Infantry Division was the principal American division engaged in this battle, as it fought a desperate rearguard action to hold off overwhelming numbers of Chinese soldiers in order to allow other American and South Korean divisions to escape to safety. This thesis is a detailed study of the actions fought by the United States Second Infantry Division in the Battle of the Chongchon River. The thesis utilizes interviews conducted by the author with Second Division veterans of the battle, as well as official United States Army documents and records, to demonstrate that the valiant delaying action fought by the Second Division in this battle greatly slowed the Chinese Second Phase Offensive and helped to save the Eighth United States Army in Korea from destruction

One year's processing and interpretation — An overview

A total of 201 complete television frames of Mars were returned by Mariners 6 and 7 in late July and early August of 1969. During the subsequent year over 3500 different versions of those frames were generated by computer processing involving the production of about 35,000 individual photographic prints and large amounts of computer printout as well. This extensive data processing and distribution required the significant participation of about fifteen scientists, engineers, and technicians, mainly at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. During that same year, the processed data were analyzed and interpreted by approximately twenty-five scientists and technicians at six different institutions. The special supplement of which this is the introductory paper presents most of the scientific findings that have accrued during the first year following the Mariner 6 and 7 flybys of Mars. It constitutes a final report on the television experiment, although significant efforts are continuing. Preliminary results were presented in three papers published in August and October of 1969 [Leighton et al., 1969a, b, c]. Smith [1970] presented information about the size, shape, and surprisingly low albedo of the martian satellite Phobos. Information concerning various aspects of the camera and data systems has also been published recently [Danielson, 1970]

Cornell Researchers Study Publish or Perish Notion

Publication of results has long been an integral part of research activity, and the information explosion of the past 30 years has focused recurring attention on aspects of communications among scientists

Integrated safety studies of the urate reabsorption inhibitor lesinurad in treatment of gout.

ObjectiveLesinurad (LESU) is a selective urate reabsorption inhibitor approved at 200 mg daily for use with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor (XOI) to treat hyperuricaemia in gout patients failing to achieve target serum urate on XOI. The aim of the study was to investigate the long-term safety of LESU + XOI therapy.MethodsSafety data were pooled from three 12-month phase III (core) trials evaluating LESU 200 and 400 mg/day combined with an XOI (LESU200+XOI and LESU400+XOI), and two 12-month extension studies using descriptive statistics. To adjust for treatment duration, treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were expressed as exposure-adjusted incidence rates (patients with events per 100 person-years).ResultsIn the core studies, exposure-adjusted incidence rates for total and total renal-related TEAEs were comparable for XOI alone and LESU200+XOI but higher with LESU400+XOI. Exposure-adjusted incidence rates for serum creatinine (sCr) elevations ⩾1.5×baseline were 2.9, 7.3 and 18.7, respectively. Resolution (sCr ⩽1.2×baseline) occurred in 75-90% of all events, with 66-75% occurring without any study medication interruption. Major adverse cardiovascular events were 3, 4 and 9 with XOI, LESU200+XOI and LESU400+XOI, respectively. Longer exposure in core+extension studies did not increase rates for any safety signals.ConclusionAt the approved dose of 200 mg once-daily combined with an XOI, LESU did not increase renal, cardiovascular or other adverse events compared with XOI alone, except for sCr elevations. With extended exposure in the core+extension studies, the safety profile was consistent with that observed in the core studies, and no new safety concerns were identified

Dual Adaptation and Adaptive Generalization of the Human Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex

In two experiments, we examined the possibility that the human vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is subject to dual adaptation (the ability to adapt to a sensory rearrangement more rapidly and/or more completely after repeated experience with it) and adaptive generalization (the ability to adapt more readily to a novel sensory rearrangement as a result of prior dual adaptation training). In Experiment 1, the subjects actively turned the head during alternating exposure to a visual-vestibular rearrangement (target/head gain = 0.5) and the normal situation (target/head gain = 0.0). These conditions produced both adaptation and dual adaptation of the VOR but no evidence of adaptive generalization when tested with a target/head gain of 1.0. Experiment 2, in which exposure to the 0.5 gain entailed externally controlled (i.e., passive) whole body rotation, resulted in VOR adaptation but no dual adaptation. As in Experiment 1, no evidence of adaptive generalization was found

For the city as a whole: planning, politics, and the public interest in Dallas, Texas, 1900-1965

(print) xiii, 318 p.List of maps -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction. p.1 -- I. The first city-as-a-whole strategy: Dallas at the turn of the century -- 1. Managing the city. p.15 -- II. Dallas during the second city-as-a-whole era -- 2. Rethinking planning and governing in the 1920s. p.43 -- 3. The CCA in control: the Edy years, 1931-1935. p.73 -- 4. The defeat of the CCA and the victory of council-manager government. p.89 -- 5. Dallas business leadership, planning, and World War II. p.110 -- 6. Responding to urban problems: limitations of the city-as-a-whole strategy. p.147 -- 7. Politics, leadership, and the public interest in an era of rapid growth, 1945-1955. p.171 -- III. The new provincialism: from city as system to city as setting -- 8. The decline of the city-as-a-whole strategy. p.213 -- Epilogue. p.245 -- App. Charter members of the Dallas Citizens Council, 1937. p.251 -- Notes. p.255 -- Bibliographic essay. p.297 -- Index. p.30

The surface of Mars 4. South polar cap

The south polar cap of Mars occupies a region of cratered terrain. Immediately outside the shrinking cap craters appear no more modified than those in areas farther north that are not annually frost covered. Craters showing through the frost mantle are locally as abundant as elsewhere on Mars. Only in a central region close to the pole are craters sparse. Both far- and near-encounter views reveal a highly irregular pole-cap edge. Photos of the same sector taken six days apart are near duplicates, suggesting that the irregularity is primarily ground controlled. No evidence of the classical polar collar is seen. Within the marginal zone, frost is preserved largely in crater bottoms and on slopes inclined away from the sun. Preferential retention in low spots supports the earlier suggestion that the Mountains of Mitchel may actually be depressions. An argument based on insolation as the prime factor in frost wastage and the narrow width of the marginal zone suggests that slopes of topographic features therein are mostly gentle, on the order of a few degrees. The frost cover of the pole-cap interior may range widely in thickness, obscuring parts of some craters and seemingly enhancing topographic visibility elsewhere, possibly through variations in thickness and reflectivity. Unusually bright areas on the cap surface, and differences in luminance between bright rims and the more somber floors of craters and other depressions, may be due in large part to differences in related frost textures and to the local history of evaporation and sublimation. Irregularly angular depressions within the polecap frost termed ‘etch pits’ may be the product of differential ablation or the undermining by wind of a slabby surficial crust. Encircling the south pole is a region of subdued relief with a paucity of craters, which displays enigmatic quasi-linear markings believed to be ground features. Although no satisfactory explanation of these markings has been formulated, it seems likely that this region has been occupied repeatedly by perennial masses of CO_2 ice, formed and maintained during those phases of the martian precessional cycle that resulted in short cool summers in the southern hemisphere. Such ice masses may play a role in producing the unusual features of the central polar region. Physical relationships suggest a local maximum frost thickness as great as tens of meters. The possibility should be kept in mind that remnants of perennial CO_2 ice of still greater thickness may exist locally, for example, in the ‘etch pit’ area

SeaWiFS calibration and validation plan, volume 3

The Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) will be the first ocean-color satellite since the Nimbus-7 Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS), which ceased operation in 1986. Unlike the CZCS, which was designed as a proof-of-concept experiment, SeaWiFS will provide routine global coverage every 2 days and is designed to provide estimates of photosynthetic concentrations of sufficient accuracy for use in quantitative studies of the ocean's primary productivity and biogeochemistry. A review of the CZCS mission is included that describes that data set's limitations and provides justification for a comprehensive SeaWiFS calibration and validation program. To accomplish the SeaWiFS scientific objectives, the sensor's calibration must be constantly monitored, and robust atmospheric corrections and bio-optical algorithms must be developed. The plan incorporates a multi-faceted approach to sensor calibration using a combination of vicarious (based on in situ observations) and onboard calibration techniques. Because of budget constraints and the limited availability of ship resources, the development of the operational algorithms (atmospheric and bio-optical) will rely heavily on collaborations with the Earth Observing System (EOS), the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) oceans team, and projects sponsored by other agencies, e.g., the U.S. Navy and the National Science Foundation (NSF). Other elements of the plan include the routine quality control of input ancillary data (e.g., surface wind, surface pressure, ozone concentration, etc.) used in the processing and verification of the level-0 (raw) data to level-1 (calibrated radiances), level-2 (derived products), and level-3 (gridded and averaged derived data) products