Transfusão sanguínea e de hemocomponentes em equinos: Revisão

Os hemocomponentes vêm sendo utilizados na medicina equina em casos de emergência, internações nos hospitais veterinários e até nos atendimentos a campo, salvando diversas vidas e auxiliando no tratamento de anemias, hipoproteinemias, falhas de transferência de imunidade passiva e distúrbios de coagulação. O conhecimento sobre a transfusão sanguínea e utilização dos hemocomponentes é de extrema importância para o médico veterinário, processo que envolve várias etapas como seleção dos doadores, seleção do tipo de hemocomponente, coleta de sangue, monitoramento de reações transfusionais e dos tipos sanguíneos. Esse conhecimento gera maior segurança nas transfusões para o paciente e para o veterinário que utiliza. Esta revisão de literatura reúne os cuidados e indicações dos diferentes tipos de hemocomponentes que podem ser usados na medicina equina

Automated impedance-based and manual leukocyte differential counts in healthy equines

The speed and convenience provided by automated cell counters are reasons for the increasing use of this technology in veterinary practice, with impedance methodology being one of the most commonly used in Brazil. In this regard, the objective of this study was to compare the automated differential leukocyte count obtained by impedance with the manual count obtained from the evaluation of blood smears in healthy horses. For this purpose, the automated differential leukocyte count using a veterinary cell counter (Abx Micros ESV 60, Horiba) was compared to the manual count using optical microscopy in 545 blood samples from healthy horses. Paired t-tests or Wilcoxon tests, Deming regression, Pearson or Spearman correlations, and Bland-Altman analysis were used, considering differences significant when p<0.05. The automated method showed higher concentrations of segmented neutrophils and monocytes, and lower concentrations of lymphocytes and eosinophils compared to the manual method. The mean error of the automated count was -10.26% for segmented neutrophils, 11.04% for lymphocytes, -41.39% for monocytes, and -10.84% for eosinophils, ranging from -200% to 161.4% depending on the cell type. There was a significant correlation between the methodologies only for the counts of segmented neutrophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils. In conclusion, the manual differential leukocyte count in healthy horses cannot be replaced by the automated method, and the analysis of blood smears remains a fundamental tool for the proper interpretation of the leukogram in horses.The speed and convenience provided by automated cell counters are reasons for the increasing use of this technology in veterinary practice, with impedance methodology being one of the most commonly used in Brazil. In this regard, the objective of this study was to compare the automated differential leukocyte count obtained by impedance with the manual count obtained from the evaluation of blood smears in healthy horses. For this purpose, the automated differential leukocyte count by impedance using a veterinary cell counter (Abx Micros ESV 60, Horiba) was compared to the manual count using optical microscopy in 545 blood samples from healthy horses. Paired t-tests or Wilcoxon tests, Deming regression, Pearson or Spearman correlations, and Bland-Altman analysis were used, considering differences significant when p<0.05. All optical microscopy counts were carried out by the same veterinary clinical pathologist with ten years of previous experience in the area. The automated method showed higher concentrations of segmented neutrophils and monocytes, and lower concentrations of lymphocytes and eosinophils compared to the manual method. The mean error of the automated count was -10.26% for segmented neutrophils, 11.04% for lymphocytes, -41.39% for monocytes, and -10.84% for eosinophils, ranging from -200% to 161.4% depending on the cell type. There was a significant correlation between the methodologies only for the counts of segmented neutrophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils. In conclusion, the manual differential leukocyte count in healthy horses cannot be replaced by the automated method, and the analysis of blood smears remains a fundamental tool for the proper interpretation of the leukogram in horses

Evaluation of the occurrence of metabolic syndrome in obese dogs and the role of caloric restriction diet as an adjuvant therapy

Metabolic syndrome, or metabolic dysfunction related to obesity in dogs, is a set of factors that may predispose comorbidities secondary to obesity. Adjuvant therapy with an energy-restricted diet, especially with low levels of carbohydrate and fat, is essential for weight loss, in addition to controlling snacks intake. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biochemical profile of obese dogs compared to lean dogs, and also to compare these profiles before and after a 30-day treatment, thus evaluating the possibility of obesity-related metabolic dysfunction and the action of adjuvant dietary therapy in this condition. Cholesterol and its fractions (HDL, LDL and VLDL), triglycerides, systemic blood pressure and glycemia of obese and lean dogs were measured, and seven obese dogs were treated only with a low-calorie diet with low levels of fat and carbohydrates for 30 days; these patients were evaluated before and after treatment. Obese dogs showed higher levels of triglycerides than lean dogs, and dogs treated with low-calorie diet presented weight loss and better outcomes related to biochemical profile, especially triglycerides levels, after treatment

UREMIC TOXIN GUANIDINE ACETIC ACID INHIBITS THE OXIDATIVE METABOLISM OF NEUTROPHILS IN DOGS

Abstract Among the uremic toxins proven to affect the neutrophil function in humans with chronic kidney disease (CKD), guanidine compounds stand out. To achieve a clearer understanding of the mechanisms that affect the immunity of uremic patients, the hypothesis that guanidine acetic acid (GAA) contributes to the inhibition of oxidative metabolism and an increase in neutrophil apoptosis in healthy dogs was investigated in vitro. To this end, neutrophils isolated from ten healthy dogs were incubated in pure RPMI 1640 (control) and enriched with 5 mg/L of GAA. Capillary flow cytometry was used to quantify superoxide production in neutrophils with the probe (hydroethidine), in the presence and absence of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), in order to assess oxidative metabolism. Apoptotic indices were quantified using the Annexin V-PE system, with and without the inductive effect of camptothecin. Neutrophils isolated and incubated in a GAA-enriched medium produced smaller amounts of superoxide (p<0.001) when activated with PMA, however, this inhibition of oxidative metabolism occurred without significantly altering their viability or rate of apoptosis. Thus, the results show guanidine compounds contribute to immunosuppression in dogs with CKD

Oxidative stress, superoxide production, and apoptosis of neutrophils in dogs with chronic kidney disease

Oxidative stress is a key component in the immunosuppression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and neutrophil function may be impaired by oxidative stress. To test the hypothesis that in uremic dogs with CKD, oxidative stress is increased and neutrophils become less viable and functional, 18 adult dogs with CKD were compared with 15 healthy adult dogs. Blood count and urinalysis were done, and the serum biochemical profile and plasma lipid peroxidation (measurement of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) were determined with the use of commercial reagents. Plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was measured with a spectrophotometer and commercial reagents, superoxide production with a hydroethidine probe, and the viability and apoptosis of neutrophils with capillary flow cytometry and the annexin V-PE system. The plasma concentrations of cholesterol (P = 0.0415), creatinine (P < 0.0001), and urea (P < 0.0001) were significantly greater in the uremic dogs than in the control dogs. The hematocrit (P = 0.0004), urine specific gravity (P = 0.015), and plasma lipid peroxidation (P < 0.0001) were significantly lower in the dogs that were in late stages of CKD than in the control group. Compared with those isolated from the control group, neutrophils isolated from the CKD group showed a higher rate of spontaneous (0.10 ± 0.05 versus 0.49 ± 0.09; P = 0.0033; median ± standard error of mean) and camptothecin-induced (18.53 ± 4.06 versus 44.67 ± 4.85; P = 0.0066) apoptosis and lower levels of superoxide production in the presence (1278.8 ± 372.8 versus 75.65 ± 86.6; P = 0.0022) and absence (135.29 ± 51.74 versus 41.29 ± 8.38; P = 0.0138) of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate stimulation. Thus, oxidative stress and acceleration of apoptosis occurs in dogs with CKD, the apoptosis diminishing the number of viable neutrophils and neutrophil superoxide production

Efeito do plasma rico em glicose na apoptose de neutrófilos de cães

Hyperglycemia is considered the main cause of increased mortality in diabetic humans, to promote the acceleration of neutrophil apoptosis, essential for the functioning of the immune system. Thus, there is an immunosuppressive effect that contributes to the increased susceptibility of patients to serious bacterial infections. In canine species there is no similar studies on the immunosuppressive effect of hyperglycemia, so that it tested the hypothesis that excess glucose accelerates neutrophil apoptosis in dogs. To this end, replaced the plasma of blood samples from 10 healthy dogs plasma autologous, homologous counterpart normoglycemia and hyperglycemia. All samples were incubated for two and four hours.The glucose measurements were performed using kinetic glucose oxidase and neutrophil apoptotic index calculated by the morphometric method. In all tests the apoptotic index increased after two and four hours. After four hours, the apoptotic index of the samples incubated with homologous plasma hyperglycemia was significantly higher (p <0.05) to the samples incubated with homologous and autologous normoglycemia. It was concluded that plasma hyperglycemia in vitro increases the rate of neutrophil apoptosis in dogs, strengthening the hypothesis that dogs with hyperglycemic disease may also suffer immunosuppression neutrophil dysfunction.A hiperglicemia é considerada a principal causa do aumento da mortalidade em pacientes diabéticos humanos, por promover a aceleração da apoptose dos neutrófilos, essenciais para o funcionamento do sistema imune. Desta forma, dá-se um efeito imunossupressor que contribui para o aumento da susceptibilidade dos pacientes a infecções bacterianas graves. Na espécie canina não há estudos semelhantes quanto ao efeito imunossupressor da hiperglicemia, de modo que se testou a hipótese de que o excesso de glicose acelera a apoptose dos neutrófilos em cães. Para tal, substituiu-se o plasma de amostras de sangue de 10 cães sadios por plasma autólogo, homólogo normoglicêmico e homólogo hiperglicêmico. Todas as amostras foram incubadas por duas e quatro horas. As mensurações de glicose foram realizadas pelo método cinético glicose oxidase e o índice apoptótico dos neutrófilos calculado pelo método morfométrico. Em todos os ensaios o índice apoptótico aumentou após duas e quatro horas. Após quatro horas, o índice apoptótico das amostras incubadas com plasma homólogo hiperglicêmico foi significativamente superior (p<0,05) aos das amostras incubadas com homólogo normoglicêmico e autólogo. Concluiu-se que in vitro o plasma hiperglicêmico aumenta a taxa de apoptose dos neutrófilos em cães, fortalecendo a hipótese de que cães portadores de doenças hiperglicemiantes possam igualmente sofrer imunossupressão por disfunções neutrofílica.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

AUTOMATED AND MANUAL LEUKOCYTE DIFFERENTIAL COUNTS IN HEALTHY EQUINES

The speed and convenience provided by automated cell counters are reasons for the increasing use of this technology in veterinary practice, with impedance methodology being one of the most commonly used in Brazil. In this regard, the objective of this study was to compare the automated differential leukocyte count obtained by impedance with the manual count obtained from the evaluation of blood smears in healthy horses. For this purpose, the automated differential leukocyte count using a veterinary cell counter (Abx Micros ESV 60, Horiba) was compared to the manual count using optical microscopy in 545 blood samples from healthy horses. Paired t-tests or Wilcoxon tests, Deming regression, Pearson or Spearman correlations, and Bland-Altman analysis were used, considering differences significant when p<0.05. The automated method showed higher concentrations of segmented neutrophils and monocytes, and lower concentrations of lymphocytes and eosinophils compared to the manual method. The mean error of the automated count was -10.26% for segmented neutrophils, 11.04% for lymphocytes, -41.39% for monocytes, and -10.84% for eosinophils, ranging from -200% to 161.4% depending on the cell type. There was a significant correlation between the methodologies only for the counts of segmented neutrophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils. In conclusion, the manual differential leukocyte count in healthy horses cannot be replaced by the automated method, and the analysis of blood smears remains a fundamental tool for the proper interpretation of the leukogram in horses

EFEITO DO PERÍODO DE JEJUM DIURNO E NOTURNO SOBRE OS PARÂMETROS HEMATOLÓGICOS, BIOQUÍMICOS E DE ESTRESSE OXIDATIVO DE CÃES SAUDÁVEIS

The influence of the circadian rhythm on canine laboratory parameters is yet to be elucidated. This study aimed to investigate possible fluctuations that occur on laboratory tests of healthy dogs following overnight and over−day fasting. For this purpose, 20 adult clinically healthy dogs were enrolled in the study. Venous blood samples were obtained 7:00 am (ONF, overnight fasting) and at 7:00 pm (ODF, over−day fasting) at the same day, following a 12−hour period of respectively overnight and over−day fasting for hematological, biochemical and oxidative stress assessment. The erythrogram showed significant reduction of red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) measured by the cell counter following ODF. The only change seen on the leukogram was a lower lymphocyte count following ODF. No significant changes were found on platelet count, although ODF was associated with decreased mean platelet volume (MPV) and total plasma protein (TPP). ODF caused a significant reduction of total cholesterol, ALP, phosphate and triglycerides. On oxidative stress parameters, ODF reduced total oxidant capacity (TOC) and increased lipid peroxidation. In conclusion, the time of fasting can partly influence hematological, biochemical and oxidative stress parameters in dogs significantly, which warrants standardization of fasting period prior to laboratory tests in dogs, especially during research.Pouco se conhece a influência do ritmo circadiano nos parâmetros laboratoriais caninos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar possíveis alterações que ocorrem nos testes laboratoriais de cães saudáveis após jejum noturno e diurno. Para tal, 20 cães adultos clinicamente saudáveis foram incluídos no estudo. Amostras de sangue venoso foram obtidas às 7h00 (ONF, jejum noturno) e às 19h00 (ODF, jejum diurno) no mesmo dia, após um período de 12 horas de jejum noturno e diurno, respectivamente, para avaliação hematológica, bioquímica e de estresse oxidativo. O eritrograma apresentou redução significativa de hemácias, hemoglobina, hematócrito e volume corpuscular médio (VCM) medido pelo contador de células após ODF. A única alteração observada no leucograma foi redução de linfócitos após ODF. Nenhuma alteração significativa foi observada na contagem de plaquetas, embora diminuição do volume plaquetário médio (VPM) e proteína plasmática total (TPP) tenha sido observada após ODF. ODF causou uma redução significativa do colesterol total, FA, fósforo e triglicerídeos. Nos parâmetros de estresse oxidativo, o ODF reduziu a capacidade oxidante total (COT) e aumentou a peroxidação lipídica. Em conclusão, o tempo de jejum pode influenciar parcialmente os parâmetros hematológicos, bioquímicos e de estresse oxidativo em cães de forma significativa, o que garante a padronização do período de jejum antes dos testes laboratoriais em cães, especialmente em amostras destinadas à pesquisa

Hypertension and its correlation with renal lesions in dogs with leishmaniosis

To evaluate the prevalence of hypertension and its correlation with the severity of renal injury and proteinuria in dogs with leishmaniosis, sixty-six dogs were divided into two groups. Group 1 (G1) was composed of 54 dogs included in stage 1 of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and group 2 (G2) of twelve dogs in stages 2 and 3 of CKD. Prevalence of hypertension was 28.8%, comprising 22.2% of the dogs from G1 and 58.3% from G2 (P=0.011). The mean arterial blood pressure (BP) of dogs from G1 (135.7 +/- 20.5) was lower than from G2 (170.0 +/- 26.3) (P &lt;0.001). Urine proteincreatinine ratio (UP/C) revealed values above 0.5 in 75.7% of the dogs, with 34% presenting hypertension. All dogs with hypertension had histopathological and laboratory evidence of glomerular disease. Although there was no statistically significant correlation between elevated BP and the severity of glomerular lesions (P=0.408), there was a statistically significant correlation between elevated BP and increased UP/C in the studied population (P=0.002). Thus, dogs with leishmaniosis and renal disease must be screened for the presence of hypertension so that treatment may be instituted as early as possible, in countries where treatment is allowed, to prevent the progression of renal damage.Para avaliar a prevalência de hipertensão arterial e sua correlação com a severidade da lesão renal e proteinúria em cães com leishmaniose, 66 cães foram divididos em dois grupos. O grupo 1 (G1), composto por 54 cães em estágio 1 de doença renal crônica (DRC), e o grupo 2 (G2) por 12 cães em estágios 2 e 3 de DRC. A prevalência de hipertensão foi de 28,8%, compreendendo 22,2% dos cães de G1 e 58,3% dos cães de G2 (p = 0,011). A pressão arterial média (PA) de G1 (135,7 ± 20,5) foi inferior a de G2 (170,0 ± 26,3) (P <0,001). A relação proteína creatinina urinária (P/C U) foi maior que 0,5 em 75,7% dos cães, dos quais 34% possuíam hipertensão. Todos os cães com hipertensão apresentavam doença glomerular. Embora não tenha sido observada correlação estatisticamente significativa entre elevação da PA e severidade das lesões glomerulares (P =0,408), houve uma correlação significativa entre PA elevada e aumento da UP/C (P = 0,002). Portanto, cães com leishmaniose e doença renal devem ser pesquisados ​​quanto à presença de hipertensão, para que o tratamento possa ser instituído o mais precocemente possível em países onde ele é permitido, para evitar a progressão da lesão renal

Hypertension and its correlation with renal lesions in dogs with leishmaniosis

To evaluate the prevalence of hypertension and its correlation with the severity of renal injury and proteinuria in dogs with leishmaniosis, sixty-six dogs were divided into two groups. Group 1 (G1) was composed of 54 dogs included in stage 1 of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and group 2 (G2) of twelve dogs in stages 2 and 3 of CKD. Prevalence of hypertension was 28.8%, comprising 22.2% of the dogs from G1 and 58.3% from G2 (P=0.011). The mean arterial blood pressure (BP) of dogs from G1 (135.7 ± 20.5) was lower than from G2 (170.0 ± 26.3) (P <0.001). Urine protein-creatinine ratio (UP/C) revealed values above 0.5 in 75.7% of the dogs, with 34% presenting hypertension. All dogs with hypertension had histopathological and laboratory evidence of glomerular disease. Although there was no statistically significant correlation between elevated BP and the severity of glomerular lesions (P=0.408), there was a statistically significant correlation between elevated BP and increased UP/C in the studied population (P=0.002). Thus, dogs with leishmaniosis and renal disease must be screened for the presence of hypertension so that treatment may be instituted as early as possible, in countries where treatment is allowed, to prevent the progression of renal damage