European Mixed Forests: definition and research perspectives

Aim of study: We aim at (i) developing a reference definition of mixed forests in order to harmonize comparative research in mixed forests and (ii) briefly review the research perspectives in mixed forests. Area of study: The definition is developed in Europe but can be tested worldwide. Material and methods: Review of existent definitions of mixed forests based and literature review encompassing dynamics, management and economic valuation of mixed forests. Main results: A mixed forest is defined as a forest unit, excluding linear formations, where at least two tree species coexist at any developmental stage, sharing common resources (light, water, and/or soil nutrients). The presence of each of the component species is normally quantified as a proportion of the number of stems or of basal area, although volume, biomass or canopy cover as well as proportions by occupied stand area may be used for specific objectives. A variety of structures and patterns of mixtures can occur, and the interactions between the component species and their relative proportions may change over time. The research perspectives identified are (i) species interactions and responses to hazards, (ii) the concept of maximum density in mixed forests, (iii) conversion of monocultures to mixed-species forest and (iv) economic valuation of ecosystem services provided by mixed forests. Research highlights: The definition is considered a high-level one which encompasses previous attempts to define mixed forests. Current fields of research indicate that gradient studies, experimental design approaches, and model simulations are key topics providing new research opportunities. Key words: COST Action; EuMIXFOR; mixed-species forests; admixtures of species.Instituto Universitario de Gestión Forestal Sostenibl

Carbon sequestration in Spanish Mediterranean forest under two management alternatives: A modeling approach

Management implications associated with two different silvicultural strategies in two Spanish pine forests (Scots pine stands in northern Spain and Mediterranean Maritime pine stands in Central Spain) were explored. Whole-stand yield, growth models and individual tree equations were used to estimate carbon stock in forests under different silvicultural alternatives and site indexes. Each alternative was evaluated on the basis of the land expectation value (LEV). Results reveal the appropriateness of implementing carbon payments, because it can clearly complement traditional management objectives in economic terms. Longer rotations on the poorest sites result in a positive economic return by introducing carbon output. The proportion of carbon stock in the final harvest relative to total fixed carbon is always higher in long rotation scenarios. However, short rotation systems produce the highest values of carbon MAI regardless of site index. The impact of carbon price is higher on the Maritime pine stands than on Scots pine stands. For both the species, changes in the discount rate have a minor impact on Carbon LEV. Notwithstanding, the proportion of total LEV due to carbon is greater when the discount rate increases.Instituto Universitario de Gestión Forestal Sostenibl

Mediterranean pine forests: management effects on carbon stocks

Carbon stored in forest systems is of great interest from a management point of view since, on the one hand,it is easily modified through silvilcultural practices (e.g.,rotation length,thinning, etc.), while,on the other hand, it affects the mean lifespan of wood products.In the Mediterranean area, the role of forest as carbon sinks is particularly significant since usually ecosystem services provided by forests are frequently of greater value than their direct productions.Therefore,quantifying the carbon balance in forests ís one of the main challenges if carbon fixation is to be considered amongst the objectives of forest management (Montero et al., 2005).Instituto Universitario de Gestión Forestal Sostenibl

Environmental variability and its relationship to site index in Mediterranean maritine pine

Producción CientíficaEnvironmental variability and site productivity relationships, estimated by means of soil-site equations, are considered a milestone in decision making of forest management. The adequacy of silvicultural systems is related to tree response to environmental conditions. The objectives of this paper are to study climatic and edaphic variability in Mediterranean Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) forests in Spain, and the practical use of such variability in determining forest productivity by means of site index estimation. Principal component analysis was used to describe environmental conditions and patterns. Site index predictive models were fitted using partial least squares and parsimoniously by ordinary least square. Climatic variables along with parent material defined an ecological regionalization from warm and humid to cold and dry sites. Results showed that temperature and precipitation in autumn and winter, along with longitudinal gradient define extreme site qualities. The best qualities are located in warm and humid sites whereas the poorest ones are found in cold and dry regions. Site index values are poorly explained by soil properties. However, clay content in the first mineral horizon improved the soil-site model considerably. Climate is the main driver of productivity of Mediterranean Maritime pine in a broad scale. Site index differences within a homogenous climatic region are associated to soil properties

Aboveground biomass equations for sustainable production of fuelwood in a native dry tropical afro-montane forest of Ethiopia

International audienceAbstractKey messageBiomass equations are presented for five tree species growing in a natural forest in Ethiopia. Fitted models showed more accurate estimations than published generalized models for this dry tropical forest.ContextBiomass equations are needed to correctly quantify harvestable stock and biomass for sustainability efforts in forest management, but this kind of information is scarce in Ethiopia.AimsThis study sought to develop biomass models for five of the most common native tree species in the Chilimo dry afro-montane mixed forest in the central highlands of Ethiopia: Allophyllus abyssinicus, Olea europaea ssp. cuspidata, Olinia rochetiana, Rhus glutinosa, and Scolopia theifolia. Comparison with generalized models was intended to show the greater accuracy of the specific models.MethodsA total of 90 trees from different diameter classes were selected, felled, and divided into different biomass compartments. Biomass equation models were fitted using joint-generalized least squares regression to ensure the additivity property between the biomass compartments and total biomass.ResultsThese were the first models developed for these species in African tropical forests. Models were including diameter at breast height and total height as independent variables, obtaining more accurate biomass estimations using these models than from generalized models.ConclusionFitted models are reliable for estimating aboveground biomass in the Chilimo forest and for more general application in similar forest types. Model applicability for biomass or carbon estimation is high within forest inventory data contexts

Dominant height growth equations including site attributes in the generalized algebraic difference approach

We present a new dynamic dominant height growth model based on Cieszewski’s generalized algebraic difference approach (GADA) advanced dynamic site equation strengthened by the use of explicit climate and soil variables (i.e., H = f(H0,T0, T, site conditions)). The results suggest that the inclusion of climatic variables would improve the applicability of the inter-regional model in regions in which climate and soil type lead to intra-regional variability. The new model reduces the bias present in a previous dynamic model that did not include climatic attributes and improves the model efficiency across the different age classes. Climate has a multiplicative effect on dominant tree growth in the early development stages (<20 years) and an additive effect in older stands

Variabilidad ambiental de las masas de pino negral y su relación con el índice de sitio

Environmental variability and site productivity relationships, estimated by means of soil-site equations, are considered a milestone in decision making of forest management. The adequacy of silvicultural systems is related to tree response to environmental conditions. The objectives of this paper are to study climatic and edaphic variability in Mediterranean Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) forests in Spain, and the practical use of such variability in determining forest productivity by means of site index estimation. Principal component analysis was used to describe environmental conditions and patterns. Site index predictive models were fitted using partial least squares and parsimoniously by ordinary least square. Climatic variables along with parent material defined an ecological regionalization from warm and humid to cold and dry sites. Results showed that temperature and precipitation in autumn and winter, along with longitudinal gradient define extreme site qualities. The best qualities are located in warm and humid sites whereas the poorest ones are found in cold and dry regions. Site index values are poorly explained by soil properties. However, clay content in the first mineral horizon improved the soil-site model considerably. Climate is the main driver of productivity of Mediterranean Maritime pine in a broad scale. Site index differences within a homogenous climatic region are associated to soil properties.La relación entre variabilidad ambiental y la productividad de estación, estimada mediante el índice de sitio, es clave en la toma de decisiones en la gestión forestal sostenible, ya que su conocimiento permite adecuar la práctica selvícola a la respuesta de la masa a dicha variabilidad ambiental. Los objetivos de este trabajo son estudiar la variabilidad climática y edáfica de Pinus pinaster en su distribución mediterránea en España y el uso práctico de dicha variabilidad en la determinación de la productividad de la estación mediante la estimación del índice de sitio. Para la descripción de la variabilidad ambiental se realizó un análisis de componentes principales y para la predicción del índice de sitio se optó por una regresión por mínimos cuadrados parciales, y de forma más parsimoniosa, mediante mínimos cuadrados ordinarios. Las variables climáticas, junto al material parental definieron regiones que comprendían estaciones que van de cálidas y húmedas hasta frías y secas. Los resultados mostraron cómo la temperatura media anual, la precipitación en otoño e invierno, junto con un gradiente longitudinal define calidades de estación extremas. Las mejores calidades se encuentran en estaciones cálidas y húmedas mientras que las peores están en estaciones frías y secas. Las variables edáficas explican poca variación del índice de sitio, aunque la inclusión del contenido en arcilla mejora notablemente el modelo. El clima es el precursor de la calidad de estación mientras que diferencias en el índice de sitio en zonas climáticamente homogéneas se asocian a variables edáficas

Adoption of new silvicultural methods in Mediterranean forests: the influence of educational background and sociodemographic factors on marker decisions

Producción Científica- Key message The adoption of new silvicultural methods and approaches requires an understanding of the differences between those and “old” or “conventional” approaches, along with extensive training to break previous knowledge bias. - Context Forestry is in transition towards ecosystem-based management, and new silvicultural approaches are appearing worldwide. However, the adoption of an alternative silvicultural approach is difficult in practice. - Aims We analyzed the effect of forestry background and demographic variables (gender and age) of 24 raters on the application of the systemic approach (SA) and the conventional approach (CA) in the Northern Apennines (Italy) and compared this with tree marking performed by experts. - Methods Data were analyzed as raters’ departures from experts’ selections at the stand and the individual tree level. The probability of tree selection was also calculated. - Results At the stand level, raters with forestry background performed the SA as if they were marking for crown thinning, whereas the CA was less intense than experts’ crown thinning. Non-foresters differentiated poorly between the SA and the CA. At the individual tree level, background and gender affected tree selection. - Conclusion The adoption of the SA as a silvicultural system may be conditioned by previous knowledge. The difference between SA and CA remains unclear when it comes to non-foresters. Gender was a more important variable than age in selecting which trees would be harvested

Análisis de datos selvícolas con R

La cuantificación de la selvicultura permite medir y comparar los tratamientos selvícolas y sus efectos sobre los bosques. Así, dos conceptos a menudo distantes para la mayoría de las personas como son los bosques y los números pueden hacernos reflexionar sobre diversos aspectos de interés para la gestión de los bosques. Entre otras preguntas que podemos hacernos destacan dos: 1. ¿Tiene sentido cuantificar los procesos que ocurren en los bosques? 2. ¿Qué aporta la cuantificación de los procesos forestales a la toma de decisiones? Si la respuesta a la primera pregunta es sí y a la segunda podemos responder diciendo que lo que aporta la cuantificación es relevante para la selvicultura, entonces debemos disponer de herramientas avanzadas para el análisis forestal. Una de estas herramientas es el programa informático de análisis estadístico R. Con este manual se pretende dotar de una herramienta de apoyo a las clases de grado y máster relacionadas con los aspectos cuantitativos de la selvicultura.Departamento de Producción Vegetal y Recursos Forestale

Desfronde y tasa de Descomposición foliar en rebollar-pinar de repoblación con distinto grado de clara

El desfronde representa un factor clave en el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas forestales. Por un lado representa el mayor aporte de nutrientes en sistemas naturales y, por otro, su acumulación en el suelo constituye un banco de elementos esenciales que, por descomposición y mineralización, se integran en el suelo y en los ciclos biogeoquímicos. Este trabajo analiza el efecto de la clara en la producción de desfronde, la eficiencia en el uso del nitrógeno y en la tasa de descomposición de la hojarasca en una masa mixta de Pinus pinaster Ait. procedente de repoblación sobre una masa natural de Quercus pyrenaica Wild. El sitio experimental está situado en los Montes de Toledo y consta de tres tratamientos: control, clara moderada y clara fuerte con tres réplicas en un diseño de cuadrado latino. Los datos de desfronde proceden de recogida mensual en cestos y separación en fracciones para el cálculo de la materia seca. El nitrógeno se analizó en muestras compuestas cada tres meses. Para el estudio de la tasa de descomposición se utilizaron bolsas con mezcla de acículas y hojas, recolectándose y analizándose también cada tres meses. Los resultados muestran picos de desfronde en los meses de verano y en el otoño. La mayor producción de desfronde se observa en las parcelas testigo. La aplicación de las claras no supone grandes diferencias ni en el desfronde ni en la eficencia en el uso del nitrógeno. Por el contrario las claras ralentizan la tasa de descomposición de las hojas de rebollo