Structural Features of Cultural Landscape in the Karst Area (Landscape in Transition)

Na območju krasa se je v dolgi zgodovinski kontinuiteti razvil svojevrsten krajinski tip, kar je pripisati raznovrstnim podnebnim, geomorfološkim, topografskim kot tudi družbeno-gospodarskim razmeram. To zvrst označuje velika tipološka raznolikost, ki sloni na avtentičnih značilnostih naravnega in kulturnega izvora, nastala pa je kot nasledek uravnotežene gospodarske rabe tal od zgodnjih obdobij dalje. Glavna kvaliteta kraških krajin izvira iz edinstvenih vzorcev rabe prostora, ki pomenijo eno najvrednejših prostorskih dediščin v celotnem Sredozemlju. Toda novejši razvoj, predvsem v družbenogospodarski sferi, je izzval daljnosežne posledice na podeželju, kar močno prizadeva celovitost in tradicionalno skladnost krasa nasploh in njegovih pokrajin posebej. Temeljni namen prispevka je orisati to preobrazbo kot resno grožnjo in veliko izgubo nacionalne kulturne dediščine ter podčrtati odgovornost naše generacije v teh procesih.During a long historical continuity in the karst area a specific landscape type has evolved due to varied climatic, geomorphological, topographic as well as socio-economic conditions. This is characterized by great typological diversity based on authentic features both of natural and cultural origin. These have occurred as a consequence of balanced economic land-uses from early periods on. The main quality of these landscapes is derived from unique agricultural land-use patterns, which constitute one of the most valuable spatial heritages in the entire Mediterranean. However, the recent evolution, mainly in the socio-economic sphere, generated far-reaching impacts in the rural areas which largely affect the integrity and traditional harmony the karst countryside in general and the landscape in particular. The basic intention of the paper is to outline these transformations as a serious threat and immense loss of the national cultural heritage and to emphasize the great responsibility of this generation in these processes

Comparison between Traditional and Modern Housing in Single — Family Dwellings Based on Relationship House — Garden

Promjene načina privređivanja i stanovanja sve se više očituju u samom odnosu između kuće i njezina jezičkog okoliša kako u gradovima tako i na selu. Neka etnografska istraživanja to i potvrđuju. Izgradnja novih kuća u selima gotovo da nema nikakve veze sa starim načinom izgradnje jer se uzimaju tipizirani oblici kuća karakteristični za našu prigradsku izgradnju (Alaupović-Gjeldum 1993). Seoska kuća, slično kao i gradska jednoobiteljska kuća, okarakterizirana je naglašenim strukturnim i socijalnim otuđenjem od neposrednog okoliša. Ove promjene uvjetuju postupno nestajanje tradicionalne seoske jednoobiteljske kuće, čime se gubi prepoznatljivost, identitet i raznolikost ruralnih naselja.Increasing changes of economy and dwelling habits are more and more reflected also in the relationship between the house and the garden, as well in towns as in the countryside. Single-family house both in town and in the country is nowadays characterised by a high level of structural and social alienation from its immediate environment. On the one hand, these changes generate gradual disappearance of the traditional countryside house which largely contributes to the loss of identity as well as of diversity of rural settlements and to the diminished residential quality of urban houses on the other. This paper is based on a study that has explored structure and relationships in organisation of the single-family house. In particular, an effort was made to find out how structural differences influence the dwelling quality of the garden space. At the same time a research in public opinion was carried out to reveal societal preferences in this area. The responses in questionnaires have shown that people\u27s ideas and actual practice are essentially different. Theoretically, the respondents prefer physical integration of the house with the garden which would presuppose that interior of the house and the garden were built at the same level. However, investigations in housing areas have shown an opposite picture. In most cases, the living room is situated in the second floor thus making the living space in the house physically separated from the garden. Consequently, the connection between these two realms is blocked which usually results in an absence of residential use of the garden

INVESTIGATION OF SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE PARK MAKSIMIR

Gubitak identiteta parka Maksimira odvija se već dugi niz godina. Bitni uzroci takvoga stanja svakako su sve veći pad urbane kulture građana te partikularni i međusobno suprotstavljeni interesi njegovih korisnika. Nadalje, grad je svojim ekstenzivnim širenjem uklopio Maksimir u svoje neprikladne i arhitekturom neprimjerene okvire. Nastale su zone velike ugroženosti, površine koje će se dalje degradirati do odcjepljenja od obuhvata Parka, kao konačnog rezultata. Park se danas koristi na vrlo različite načine od različitih vlasnika, no pitanje je da li je sadašnje stanje dostatno za zadovoljavanje društvenih potreba. Park je izgubio na kvaliteti svojih sadržaja, također i na estetskim aspektima. Propadanjem nekadašnjih objekata i sadržaja u Parku, izgubljena je njegova edukacijska funkcija. Cilj ovog rada bio je putem povijesne analize i valorizacije matrice dati hijerarhiju za obnovu.The loss of identity of Maksimir Park has been ongoing for many years. The main reasons for this situation are certainly the loss of urban culture among the citizens and in particular, the confl icting interests of the park’s users. Furthermore, with the extensive spreading of the city, Maksimir has been pushed into an inappropriate and architecturally inadequate framework. Zones of great endangerment have arisen, and the fi nal result is that areas will continue to degrade and break off from the park’s territory. Today, the park is being used in various ways by the various owners, and the main question is whether the current situation is suffi cient to satisfy society’s needs for the park. The park has lost both the quality of its facilities as well as aesthetics. With the loss of several of the former buildings and facilities in the park, its educational function has also been lost. This paper aims to use historical analyses and a validation of the matrix to provide a hierarchy for restoration of the park

Criteria for the Integration of Wind Farms into Landscape

Vjetroelektrane su na upečatljiv način izmijenile sliku pojedinih krajobraza Hrvatske. Njihovo uklapanje u krajolik vođeno je regulacijskim sustavom, no iskustva drugih zemalja otvaraju nova planerska i projektantska pitanja. Nadopunom dosad korištenih metoda osiguralo bi se uspješnije uklapanje vjetroelektrana u krajobraz te bi se spriječilo narušavanje karakterističnih krajobraznih vizura važnih za očuvanje hrvatskoga prostornog identiteta.The appearance of Croatian landscapes has distinctively been altered by wind farms. Their integration into the landscape was based on planning regulations, but the experiences of other countries have raised new planning and design issues. Broadening the scope of the recently used methods would ensure more effective integration of wind farms and prevent the destruction of the landscapes important for the protection of Croatian spatial identity

TOWN INHABITANTS ABOUT SQUARES AS PUBLIC AREAS - EXAMPLE OF ZAGREB, RIJEKA AND ZADAR

U posljednjih dvadesetak godina pojedini su hrvatski gradovi doživjeli nagli rast i intenzivnu izgradnju a u istom je periodu realiziran i relativno veliki broj projekata za uređenje odnosno rekonstrukciju postojećih javnih prostora. S obzirom da su pojedine intervencije izazivale negativnu reakcije javnosti (npr. uređenje Splitske rive, Cvjetnog trga u Zagrebu i dr.), smatralo se zanimljivim istražiti kakvo je općenito mišljenje javnosti o uređenju otvorenih javnih prostora u Hrvatskoj. Ovo istraživanje je obuhvatilo je prikupljanje stavova stanovnika Zagreba, Rijeke i Zadra o trgovima kao jednim od najznačajnijih javnih prostora gradova. Krajnji cilj istraživanja bilo prikupljanje stavova ispitanika o pozitivnim aspektima i nedostacima trenutnog uređenja gradskih trgova te davanje prijedloga i smjernica za njihovo moguće unaprjeđenje i poboljšanje kvalitete. Istraživanje je provedeno korištenjem anketne metode kroz osobni razgovor s ispitanicima te je u anketi sudjelovalo 150 ispitanika, i to građana grada Zagreba, Rijeke i Zadra. Najvažniji rezultati istraživanja pokazuju kako čak i najposjećenijim trgovima navedenih gradova, prema mišljenju ispitanika, nedostaje društveno-kulturnih sadržaja te adekvatnog urbanog inventara koji bi omogućio zanimljiv i ugodan boravak na trgovima. Osim toga, samo se središnji gradski trgovi smatraju gradskim orijentirima a neki od odlučujućih čimbenika za njihovo korištenje pokazali su se sadržajna opremljenost i ambijentalna kvaliteta prostora. Može se zaključiti da uređenje trgova zahtijeva ne samo zadovoljenje estetskih kriterija, nego i ostvarivanje programske cjelovitosti kroz programsku i ambijentalnu ugođenost raznolikim potrebama potencijalnih korisnika.The social changes that have occurred in this region over the last twenty years are also visible in the case of Croatian cities. The rapid urban growth in the last two decades was rarely followed by construction of open public spaces of equal scale and quality, including squares and other typologies. At the same time, a large number of planning and reconstruction projects of existing public spaces came to realisation. Given that some of these urban interventions have provoked quite negative public reactions (e.g. the Split waterfront, Flower Square in Zagreb, etc.), it was considered important to investigate the public opinion of the open public spaces design in Croatia. This research was designed to gather data on the use of public squares, as well as aspirations and needs of their users. It\u27s was conducted as a questionnaire in three major cities: Zagreb, Rijeka and Zadar. The result of the research is public opinion, which can be used in planning or as design guidelines for future construction of public squares. The results of this research indicate the lack of socio-cultural facilities and adequate urban inventory even on the most frequently visited city squares. Furthermore, only the central town squares are identified as city landmarks. In addition, socio-cultural facilities and the quality of the space conditions in terms of presence of all those elements which make some place pleasant for longer stay (e.g. intimate atmosphere, noise, traffic, sun or wind protection, etc.) seems to be the key factors of space usage

REVITALISATION OF THE AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE, ON THE ISLAND OF KORČULA – Cay study municipality Blato

Cultural landscapes of the Mediterranean should become one among the bearers of the regional and national identity and in this way give their contribution to tourism and economic progress because of their recognizability and rarity. Since the importance of these landscapes is not currently recognized and designated the aim of this paper, containing the Blato example, on the island of Korčula, is to defi ne a procedure and a possibility of their protection and revitalization. This site is selected due to its natural, cultural and structural diversity, the revitalization of which one can realize, i.e. restore the landscape of an outstanding value. Apart from revitalization of the landscape and the landscape diversity, agriculture can manifest itself as something visually attractive what is positively refl ected in the potential of further tourism development on the island

Economical, Technological and Ecological Parameters of the Small Family Fish Farms Management

Iako su svjetski zahtjevi za uzgojem i proizvodnjom riba u porastu, tranzicijskim promjenama u srednjoj Europi bitno je smanjena proizvodnja slatkovodne akvakulture. U mnogim zemljama proizvodnja je pala na samo jednu trećinu, a znatan broj velikih ribnjačarstava smanjio je svoje proizvodne površine. Globalni problemi poljoprivrede kao i negativni procesi u akvakulturi, slični onima u srednjoj Europi, utjecali su i na neke naše male obiteljske farme, koje do sada nisu bile angažirane u ribarstvu, da mu se posvete na drukčiji način. U tim promjenama značajnu ulogu odigrao je i rastući senzibilitet za probleme okoliša pridonijevši popularizaciji eksploatacije kopnenih voda za športski ribolov, šport i rekreaciju. Obiteljska poljoprivredna gospodarstva, premda vrlo različita po svojim društveno-proizvodnim obilježjima, prevladavaju u agrarnoj strukturi Hrvatske. U novije doba dolazi do određene polarizacije u obiteljskoj poljoprivredi, jačanjem tržišno usmjerenih i specijaliziranih tzv. vitalnih gospodarstava. S druge strane je mnoštvo malih i pretežito samo opskrbnih gospodarstava kojima je poljoprivreda dopunska djelatnost. Ovaj rad upravo razmatra neke ekonomske, tehnološke i ekološke mogućnosti ribarstva kao dopunske djelatnosti na samoopskrbom obiteljskom gospodarstvu. Posebno se analizira namjena takvih gospodarstava za razvoj komercijalnog športskog ribolova, ciprinidne i salmonidne akvakulture.Although the world culture and production demand for fish are increasing, the transitional changes in Central Europe significantly decreased the fresh water aquaculture production. While in many countries the production fell down to only one third, many large fish farms reduce their production acreage. Consequently, some small Croatian farms that have not been into fisheries yet, are influenced to change their business policy and participate in current policy in fisheries. Furthermore, alertness and new sensitivity to the problems of ecology made water exploitation for angling, sport and recreation purposes, quite popular. Although differring in many social and productive aspects, the family farms are becoming the care of Croatian agricultural structure. Recently, the farms face certain polarization, as regard to the strength specialization and market orientedness. On the other hand on many small farms agriculture is assumed additional occupation. In this paper some economical, technological and ecological possibilities of fisheries as an additional activity on small family farms are discussed, commercial sport fisheries, to cyprinid and salmonid aquaculture in particular

Cultural landscape evaluation and possibilities for future development – a case study of the island of Krk (Croatia)

Agricultural landscapes that resulted from many centuries of traditional agricultural cultivation are an important part of the cultural heritage in the European Mediterranean areas. Since a systematic study in the Republic of Croatia aimed at inventarisation and protection of cultural landscapes has not been carried out yet, the main purpose of this paper was to, based on a case study that took place on the island of Krk, show the method of agricultural landscape evaluation and possibilities for future development and protection of outstanding agricultural landscapes. The evaluation of all 12 identified agricultural landscape types was conducted and six of them were singled out as outstanding cultural landscapes. Possible structural changes of those landscapes were considered and a proposal for a strategy of the preservation of the valuable landscape heritage on the island of Krk has been formulated. It was concluded that for field landscapes, the preservation is possible through agricultural production modernization. Those outstanding agricultural landscapes that are not profitable, but have a great cultural and historical value, should be maintained through regular procedures for cultural monuments with 100% subsidy

THE TYPOLOGY OF THE AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF DUBROVAČKO PRIMORJE AS A BASIS FOR DIRECTING DEVELOPMENT

Napuštanje seoskih sredina Dubrovačkog primorja tijekom posljednjih pedesetak godina odrazilo se na njegove prostorne karakteristike i identitet, obilježavajući ga kao predio s izraženim procesom zapuštanja poljoprivrednih površina. Cilj rada je, na osnovi inventarizacije i analize prostora Dubrovačkog primorja, odrediti tipove krajobraza, te utvrditi potencijalne prostorne kvalitete. Podjela krajobraza na prirodne (obala, krajobraz kamenjara, krajobraz makije) i kulturne (naselja, poljoprivredni kulturni krajobraz) proizlazi iz prirodnih i društvenih obilježja prostora. Istraživanje je pokazalo zanimljive karakteristike samoga poljoprivrednog krajobraza kao izražajnog prostornog elementa. Njegova podjela izvršena je s obzirom na formu, koja je rezultat namjene i prirodnih obilježja prostora. Tako su izdvojeni krajobrazi polja s raznolikom pravilnom i nepravilnom parcelacijom, krajobrazi suhozida organskih i poligonalnih formi, te krajobrazi terasa različito dimenzioniranih omjera. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da se na ovom prostoru nalaze zanimljivi i raznoliki tipovi krajobraza, koji svojom artikulacijom čine zanimljivu prostornu sliku s izražajnom dinamikom. Osim prirodnih, i kulturni krajobrazi se mogu podijeliti na one koji imaju tendenciju širenja i na one koji nestaju kao posljedica trenutnih ekonomsko-gospodarskih trendova. Identifi kacija tipova krajobraza može biti preduvjet za odredbu razvojnih kriterija prostora u budućnosti.Abandonment of rural areas in Dubrovačko Primorje in the last 50 years resulted with changes of its spatial characteristics and identity. This process defi ned this place as a virtually derelict area. The main goal of this work is to determine landscape types based upon survey and spatial analyses. They can be helpful in a process of determination of spatial qualities. Landscape division was made according to the natural and anthropogenic features of this area. Therefore, landscape was divided on natural (coast, karst terrain and landscapes of the macchia) and cultural (settlement and agriculture) landscapes. Working methods consisted of several research stages. The fi rst stage comprised a review of relevant literature concerning natural and sociological features of the explored area. Working methods of prof. dr. Marušič were inspiration for evolvement of this research [16]. The next stage of research was the fi eld work by means of observation method which resulted in detailed photo documentation, showing different types of the agricultural landscapes. Indoor work consisted of the orthophoto production, which was a base for further exploration. Consequently, detailed map of the land use, as well as an agricultural map of the area was made according to the structural husbandry character. Digital mapping of the thematical maps in GIS – Arc View software program, produced a database of social and natural elements of the area. Overlapping of all these maps helped in determination of causal processes. Comparison of these outcomes with terrain photo documentation led to the research results and fi nal conclusions. This research showed interesting structural features of agricultural landscapes. Its division was made according to its form which emerged from the land use and its natural character. Consequently, agricultural landscapes are divided into fi elds (with regular parcels and those with irregular land division), dry stone walls with organic and polygonal forms and terraced landscapes in different scales and dimensions. Results pointed to many interesting and various landscape types which are articulating with different spatial elements, thus making an overall landscape picture more complex. This spatial variety is giving an identity to this space which is based upon tense spatial dynamics. Exploration has also shown developing tendencies of different landscape types. Future development will certainly cause completely different landscape scenery, therefore there remains a legitimate reason for controlled development. Main developing strategies are based on tourism and agricultural development. Since tourism is a more aggressive element in this system its further development has to be better supervised in order to achieve their balanced coexistence. Tourism and its spatial distribution must be more dispersed, as it is currently concentrated alongside a particularly sensitive natural coastal area