Språklæring og tvungen migrasjon: en etnografisk tilnærming

De fleste som lærer norsk gjennom Introduksjonsprogrammet for nyankomne migranter, er tvungne migranter. Det vil si personer har flyktet fra hjemmene sine på grunn av krig, forfølgelse eller andre faktorer som gjør at flukt forekommer som eneste alternativ for å overleve. Gjennom etnografisk forskning blant 14 overføringsflyktninger fra Den demokratiske republikken Kongo til Norge har vi blitt oppmerksomme på hvordan erfaringer som flyktning kan påvirke investering i språklæring. Med utgangspunkt i historien til en av deltakerne, Joseph, viser vi med denne studien at strukturer som nasjonal og internasjonal flyktningpolitikk ikke bare samspiller med, men også begrenser muligheten til individuelt aktørskap. Vi argumenterer for at en opplevelse av begrenset aktørskap kan være en nøkkel til få forstå tvungne migranters investering i språklæring

Narrativ metode i andrespråksforskning

Fra og med 2017 er artiklene som publiseres i NOA lisensiert under en Creative Commons BY-SA 4.0 lisens.Andrespråksforskning er et komplekst forskningsområde, siden mange faktorer spiller inn i prosessen med å lære et nytt språk. Noen av faktorene kan ikke uten videre måles. Særlig vanskelig er det å måle subjektive faktorer, som innlærernes egne reaksjoner, holdninger og følelser. En måte å få innsikt i slike subjektive aspekter ved andrespråkslæring på, er å studere narrativer. Narrativer er personlige fortellinger, gjerne med et tidsaspekt eller en vending, der fortelleren deler erfaringer, opplevelser, vurderinger og følelser. I og med at individer er ulike og opplever språkopplæring ulikt, kan man ikke generalisere ut fra enkeltindividets opplevelser slik de formidles gjennom narrativer, men snarere erkjenne at disse gir innsikt i det mangfoldet av opplevelser som finnes. I denne artikkelen presenterer vi ulike aspekter ved bruk av narrativer som metode i andrespråksforskning i norsk kontekst. Vi diskuterer fenomener man kan studere gjennom bruk av narrativ metode (f.eks. identitet, aktørskap og investeringer), ulike definisjoner av narrativer (sjanger versus tankeredskap), valg angående innhenting og klargjøring av narrativer til bruk i forskning, samt måter å analysere narrativer på. Vi konkluderer ved å peke på forskningshull i andrespråksfeltet i Norge som vi mener kan fylles ved bruk av narrativ metode.publishedVersio

Prosodie et contact de langues (le cas du système tonal du français centrafricain)

L objectif de cette étude est d apporter une contribution aux recherches portant sur les effets prosodiques du contact de langues à travers l étude du système prosodique du français centrafricain, une variété de français ayant émergé suite au contact avec une langue africaine à densité tonale maximale, le sango. La République centrafricaine est un pays extrêmement multilingue. Entre 60 et 100 langues y sont parlées, outre les deux langues officielles que constituent le sango lingua franca, et le français langue principale de l enseignement et de l administration publique. Dans la capitale, Bangui, le sango est la langue parlée d ordinaire dans la vie quotidienne, tandis que le français s utilise essentiellement dans des contextes professionnels. Cette étude se base sur des enregistrements de parole spontanée de 12 locuteurs francophones de Bangui. Des analyses acoustiques montrent que l intonation du français centrafricain partage des caractéristiques communes avec le sango. La majorité de mots ont des patrons tonals qui restent inchangés quel que soit leur place dans l énoncé, et chaque syllabe porte un ton. Le système se distingue ainsi considérablement du système intonatif du français européen où la courbe mélodique est contrainte au niveau post-lexical et dépend entre autres de facteurs rythmiques, syntaxiques et pragmatiques. La conclusion principale de cette étude est que le français centrafricain se classifie d un point de vue typologique comme une langue à tons lexicaux. Il ressort que le système prosodique du français centrafricain est plus proche de celui du sango et que de celui du français européen. Les faits mis au jour dans cette thèse montrent que la prosodie peut changer de façon fondamentale dans une situation de contact de langue.This study is concerned with prosody and language contact. The fact that language contact induces change is well documented, but few studies focus on the prosodic effects of contact-induced change. The aim of this study is to provide a case study of the prosodic system of the contact variety Central African French, which has emerged from the contact between French and the African tone language, Sango.The Central African Republic is a multilingual country with between 60 to 100 different regional languages spoken within its borders in addition to two official languages, the lingua franca Sango and French. French has been the main language of education and of public administration since colonial times. In the capital Bangui, Sango is the most used language in everyday communication whereas French is spoken in professional contexts. This study is based on recordings of spontaneous speech of 12 French-speaking informants from Bangui. Acoustic analyses of the recordings show that the prosody of Central African French shares with Sango some fundamental characteristics: most words have fixed tonal patterns independently of their position in the sentence and every syllable carries a static tone. This system greatly differs from the system of European varieties of French, where the sentence melody is determined at the post-lexical level and depends on factors such as rhythm, syntax and pragmatics. The main conclusion of this study is that Central African French may be classified as a tone language and thus is endowed with a prosodic system that is closer to Sango than to European French. This finding suggests that intonation might change radically in contact situations ; the change is not only superficial but concerns the underlying system.NANTERRE-PARIS10-Bib. élec. (920509901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Traces de la créolisation dans un français régional : le cas du /r/ à l'Île de la Réunion

Denne oppgaven studerer den varieteten av fransk som snakkes på den franske øya La Réunion i det Indiske hav. Studien baserer seg på et muntlig korpus bestående av 30 reunionesiske informanter. Korpuset er en del av en større database med muntlig fransk samlet inn for det internasjonale forskningsprosjektet La phonologie du français contemporain (PFC). Førstespråket til informantene i denne studien er reunionesisk kreol, et franskbasert kreolspråk som oppstod på begynnelsen av 1700-tallet som følge av samhandlingen mellom franske koloniherrer og afrikanske slaver. Fransk er det offisielle språket på øya, som bl.a. brukes i undervisningen. Kreol og fransk sameksisterer som et diglossi (Ferguson 1959) der kreol er lavspråket og fransk høyspråket. Kreol og fransk deler mange fonologiske fenomener. En av de trekkene som derimot skiller fransk slik det snakkes i Europa og kreol, er at konsonanten /r/ har tendens til å falle bort etter vokal i kreol. Dette fenomenet finner man også igjen når informanter med kreol som førstespråk snakker fransk. Oppgaven studerer hvordan fonemet /r/ oppfører seg i reunionesisk regional fransk. Akustiske analyser viser at /r/ ikke bare har tendens til å falle bort etter vokal, men også forandrer de fonetiske trekkene til vokalen foran den. Studien viser videre at bortfall av postvokal /r/ reflekterer den sosiale stratifikasjonen i korpuset. De informantene som har lav utdannelse og/eller et arbeid som ikke krever bruk av fransk, har høyest bortfall av postvokal /r/. Dette kan forklares med at disse har høyere grad av interferens fra kreol i sin fransk. Disse funnene får oss til å konkludere med at studien av /r/ i reunionesisk fransk både er av fonetisk, fonologisk og sosiolingvistisk interesse

Prosodie et contact de langues: le cas du système tonal du français centrafricain

This study is concerned with prosody and language contact. The fact that language contact induces change is well documented, but few studies focus on the prosodic effects of contact-induced change. The aim of this study is to provide a case study of the prosodic system of the contact variety Central African French, which has emerged from the contact between French and the African tone language, Sango. The Central African Republic is a multilingual country with between 60 to 100 different regional languages spoken within its borders in addition to two official languages, the lingua franca Sango and French. French has been the main language of education and of public administration since colonial times. In the capital Bangui, Sango is the most used language in everyday communication whereas French is spoken in professional contexts. This study is based on recordings of spontaneous speech of 12 French-speaking informants from Bangui. Acoustic analyses of the recordings show that the prosody of Central African French shares with Sango some fundamental characteristics: most words have fixed tonal patterns independently of their position in the sentence and every syllable carries a static tone. This system greatly differs from the system of European varieties of French, where the sentence melody is determined at the post-lexical level and depends on factors such as rhythm, syntax and pragmatics. The main conclusion of this study is that Central African French may be classified as a tone language and thus is endowed with a prosodic system that is closer to Sango than to European French. This finding suggests that intonation might change radically in contact situations ; the change is not only superficial but concerns the underlying system.L'objectif de cette étude est d'apporter une contribution aux recherches portant sur les effets prosodiques du contact de langues à travers l'étude du système prosodique du français centrafricain, une variété de français ayant émergé suite au contact avec une langue africaine à densité tonale maximale, le sango. La République centrafricaine est un pays extrêmement multilingue. Entre 60 et 100 langues y sont parlées, outre les deux langues officielles que constituent le sango - lingua franca, et le français - langue principale de l'enseignement et de l'administration publique. Dans la capitale, Bangui, le sango est la langue parlée d'ordinaire dans la vie quotidienne, tandis que le français s'utilise essentiellement dans des contextes professionnels. Cette étude se base sur des enregistrements de parole spontanée de 12 locuteurs francophones de Bangui. Des analyses acoustiques montrent que l'intonation du français centrafricain partage des caractéristiques communes avec le sango. La majorité de mots ont des patrons tonals qui restent inchangés quel que soit leur place dans l'énoncé, et chaque syllabe porte un ton. Le système se distingue ainsi considérablement du système intonatif du français européen où la courbe mélodique est contrainte au niveau post-lexical et dépend entre autres de facteurs rythmiques, syntaxiques et pragmatiques. La conclusion principale de cette étude est que le français centrafricain se classifie d'un point de vue typologique comme une langue à tons lexicaux. Il ressort que le système prosodique du français centrafricain est plus proche de celui du sango et que de celui du français européen. Les faits mis au jour dans cette thèse montrent que la prosodie peut changer de façon fondamentale dans une situation de contact de langue

"Je ne veux pas détruire la société norvégienne en introduisant le français". Le français mis en récit par des migrants congolais en Norvège

“I do not want to destroy the Norwegian society by introducing French.” French in narratives by Congolese migrants in Norway In this article, I explore the experiences with French of migrants from the Democratic Republic of Congo in Norway and relate the object “Frenches in Africa” to the field of sociolinguistics of migrations. My approach is emic and biographical, and through an analysis of narratives, I aim at discussing what French represents for these individuals. The narratives indicate that French indexes social inequalities and at several times, they evoke negative consequences of its presence in the Congo. In Norway, they do not see their competences in French as an advantage. French is rather constructed as a low mobility resource

Prosody and language contact : the tonal system in central african french

L’objectif de cette étude est d’apporter une contribution aux recherches portant sur les effets prosodiques du contact de langues à travers l’étude du système prosodique du français centrafricain, une variété de français ayant émergé suite au contact avec une langue africaine à densité tonale maximale, le sango. La République centrafricaine est un pays extrêmement multilingue. Entre 60 et 100 langues y sont parlées, outre les deux langues officielles que constituent le sango – lingua franca, et le français – langue principale de l’enseignement et de l’administration publique. Dans la capitale, Bangui, le sango est la langue parlée d’ordinaire dans la vie quotidienne, tandis que le français s’utilise essentiellement dans des contextes professionnels. Cette étude se base sur des enregistrements de parole spontanée de 12 locuteurs francophones de Bangui. Des analyses acoustiques montrent que l’intonation du français centrafricain partage des caractéristiques communes avec le sango. La majorité de mots ont des patrons tonals qui restent inchangés quel que soit leur place dans l’énoncé, et chaque syllabe porte un ton. Le système se distingue ainsi considérablement du système intonatif du français européen où la courbe mélodique est contrainte au niveau post-lexical et dépend entre autres de facteurs rythmiques, syntaxiques et pragmatiques. La conclusion principale de cette étude est que le français centrafricain se classifie d’un point de vue typologique comme une langue à tons lexicaux. Il ressort que le système prosodique du français centrafricain est plus proche de celui du sango et que de celui du français européen. Les faits mis au jour dans cette thèse montrent que la prosodie peut changer de façon fondamentale dans une situation de contact de langue.This study is concerned with prosody and language contact. The fact that language contact induces change is well documented, but few studies focus on the prosodic effects of contact-induced change. The aim of this study is to provide a case study of the prosodic system of the contact variety Central African French, which has emerged from the contact between French and the African tone language, Sango.The Central African Republic is a multilingual country with between 60 to 100 different regional languages spoken within its borders in addition to two official languages, the lingua franca Sango and French. French has been the main language of education and of public administration since colonial times. In the capital Bangui, Sango is the most used language in everyday communication whereas French is spoken in professional contexts. This study is based on recordings of spontaneous speech of 12 French-speaking informants from Bangui. Acoustic analyses of the recordings show that the prosody of Central African French shares with Sango some fundamental characteristics: most words have fixed tonal patterns independently of their position in the sentence and every syllable carries a static tone. This system greatly differs from the system of European varieties of French, where the sentence melody is determined at the post-lexical level and depends on factors such as rhythm, syntax and pragmatics. The main conclusion of this study is that Central African French may be classified as a tone language and thus is endowed with a prosodic system that is closer to Sango than to European French. This finding suggests that intonation might change radically in contact situations ; the change is not only superficial but concerns the underlying system

ICPhS XVII Regular Session CLASHES REVISITED IN THE LIGHT OF INTERPROSODY

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to examine some aspects of the prosodic system of Central African French, a variety of French spoken by L1 speaker of Sango, an African tone language. On the basis of a comparison of acoustic correlates of syllables involved in clashes in corpora of spontaneous Central African French and Standard French, we argue that the former has a hybrid prosodic system that contains traces of the tonal system of Sango, the speakers' L1

“Prétendre comme si on connaît pas une autre langue que le swahili”: Multilingual parents in Norway on change and continuity in their family language policies

In this article, we examine how parents explain their choices of transmitting certain languages to their children, a key element of family language policies (FLP), in light of their dynamic linguistic repertoires and biographic experiences. Contributing to the framework of FLP, we focus in particular on parents’ memories, their narratives of multilingual upbringing in the past, and how these are used to construct present FLP. We analyze conversations where six multilingual parents in Norway talk about their experiences and intentions regarding FLP, and in particular, their reasons for the transmission of (some of their) languages to their children. The parents of three of the families are from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and in three others at least one of the parents migrated from Germany. We find that the parents align their decisions with both prior and new experiences. They relate to their language(s), their past and their current family life, and express the wish for continuity across the lifespan. At the same time, they demonstrate a certain flexibility and willingness to adapt to the constantly changing environments that they and their children experience and in which they navigate. Through their complex accounts, their memories and lived language experiences, we can understand parents’ manifold positions as regards their children’s linguistic repertoires

Target-like distribution of Norwegian lexical pitch accents produced by L2 speakers

In this paper, we present a study of tonal patterns of Accentual Phrases (APs) in spontaneous speech produced by ten Second Language (L2) speakers of Norwegian. The speakers are multilingual, and their dominant language is either Lingala or Swahili. Analyses of 1000 APs (100 per speaker) show that all the speakers produce the expected lexical pitch accent in a significant majority of the cases. Our initial hypothesis that the Lingala speakers, by virtue of speaking a language with lexical tones, have an advantage over the Swahili speakers in the acquisition of the Norwegian lexical pitch accents is not supported by the data