Generators of simple Lie algebras in arbitrary characteristics

In this paper we study the minimal number of generators for simple Lie algebras in characteristic 0 or p > 3. We show that any such algebra can be generated by 2 elements. We also examine the 'one and a half generation' property, i.e. when every non-zero element can be completed to a generating pair. We show that classical simple algebras have this property, and that the only simple Cartan type algebras of type W which have this property are the Zassenhaus algebras.Comment: 26 pages, final version, to appear in Math. Z. Main improvements and corrections in Section 4.

Slavery and the Revival of Anti-slavery Activism

This chapter sets out the volumes critical approach to the dominant discourse on modern slavery and its impulse to question the assumptions and the politics behind that discourse. It explores the limits of the modern slavery rhetoric for understanding the complicated logics of agency, freedom and belonging, and of past, present and future, for those who are constituted as slaves. Document type: Part of book or chapter of boo

A História da Alimentação: balizas historiográficas

Os M. pretenderam traçar um quadro da História da Alimentação, não como um novo ramo epistemológico da disciplina, mas como um campo em desenvolvimento de práticas e atividades especializadas, incluindo pesquisa, formação, publicações, associações, encontros acadêmicos, etc. Um breve relato das condições em que tal campo se assentou faz-se preceder de um panorama dos estudos de alimentação e temas correia tos, em geral, segundo cinco abardagens Ia biológica, a econômica, a social, a cultural e a filosófica!, assim como da identificação das contribuições mais relevantes da Antropologia, Arqueologia, Sociologia e Geografia. A fim de comentar a multiforme e volumosa bibliografia histórica, foi ela organizada segundo critérios morfológicos. A seguir, alguns tópicos importantes mereceram tratamento à parte: a fome, o alimento e o domínio religioso, as descobertas européias e a difusão mundial de alimentos, gosto e gastronomia. O artigo se encerra com um rápido balanço crítico da historiografia brasileira sobre o tema

Adding 6 months of androgen deprivation therapy to postoperative radiotherapy for prostate cancer: a comparison of short-course versus no androgen deprivation therapy in the RADICALS-HD randomised controlled trial

Background Previous evidence indicates that adjuvant, short-course androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) improves metastasis-free survival when given with primary radiotherapy for intermediate-risk and high-risk localised prostate cancer. However, the value of ADT with postoperative radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy is unclear. Methods RADICALS-HD was an international randomised controlled trial to test the efficacy of ADT used in combination with postoperative radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Key eligibility criteria were indication for radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer, prostate-specific antigen less than 5 ng/mL, absence of metastatic disease, and written consent. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to radiotherapy alone (no ADT) or radiotherapy with 6 months of ADT (short-course ADT), using monthly subcutaneous gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue injections, daily oral bicalutamide monotherapy 150 mg, or monthly subcutaneous degarelix. Randomisation was done centrally through minimisation with a random element, stratified by Gleason score, positive margins, radiotherapy timing, planned radiotherapy schedule, and planned type of ADT, in a computerised system. The allocated treatment was not masked. The primary outcome measure was metastasis-free survival, defined as distant metastasis arising from prostate cancer or death from any cause. Standard survival analysis methods were used, accounting for randomisation stratification factors. The trial had 80% power with two-sided α of 5% to detect an absolute increase in 10-year metastasis-free survival from 80% to 86% (hazard ratio [HR] 0·67). Analyses followed the intention-to-treat principle. The trial is registered with the ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN40814031, and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00541047. Findings Between Nov 22, 2007, and June 29, 2015, 1480 patients (median age 66 years [IQR 61–69]) were randomly assigned to receive no ADT (n=737) or short-course ADT (n=743) in addition to postoperative radiotherapy at 121 centres in Canada, Denmark, Ireland, and the UK. With a median follow-up of 9·0 years (IQR 7·1–10·1), metastasis-free survival events were reported for 268 participants (142 in the no ADT group and 126 in the short-course ADT group; HR 0·886 [95% CI 0·688–1·140], p=0·35). 10-year metastasis-free survival was 79·2% (95% CI 75·4–82·5) in the no ADT group and 80·4% (76·6–83·6) in the short-course ADT group. Toxicity of grade 3 or higher was reported for 121 (17%) of 737 participants in the no ADT group and 100 (14%) of 743 in the short-course ADT group (p=0·15), with no treatment-related deaths. Interpretation Metastatic disease is uncommon following postoperative bed radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy. Adding 6 months of ADT to this radiotherapy did not improve metastasis-free survival compared with no ADT. These findings do not support the use of short-course ADT with postoperative radiotherapy in this patient population

Duration of androgen deprivation therapy with postoperative radiotherapy for prostate cancer: a comparison of long-course versus short-course androgen deprivation therapy in the RADICALS-HD randomised trial

Background Previous evidence supports androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) with primary radiotherapy as initial treatment for intermediate-risk and high-risk localised prostate cancer. However, the use and optimal duration of ADT with postoperative radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy remains uncertain. Methods RADICALS-HD was a randomised controlled trial of ADT duration within the RADICALS protocol. Here, we report on the comparison of short-course versus long-course ADT. Key eligibility criteria were indication for radiotherapy after previous radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer, prostate-specific antigen less than 5 ng/mL, absence of metastatic disease, and written consent. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to add 6 months of ADT (short-course ADT) or 24 months of ADT (long-course ADT) to radiotherapy, using subcutaneous gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogue (monthly in the short-course ADT group and 3-monthly in the long-course ADT group), daily oral bicalutamide monotherapy 150 mg, or monthly subcutaneous degarelix. Randomisation was done centrally through minimisation with a random element, stratified by Gleason score, positive margins, radiotherapy timing, planned radiotherapy schedule, and planned type of ADT, in a computerised system. The allocated treatment was not masked. The primary outcome measure was metastasis-free survival, defined as metastasis arising from prostate cancer or death from any cause. The comparison had more than 80% power with two-sided α of 5% to detect an absolute increase in 10-year metastasis-free survival from 75% to 81% (hazard ratio [HR] 0·72). Standard time-to-event analyses were used. Analyses followed intention-to-treat principle. The trial is registered with the ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN40814031, and ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT00541047 . Findings Between Jan 30, 2008, and July 7, 2015, 1523 patients (median age 65 years, IQR 60–69) were randomly assigned to receive short-course ADT (n=761) or long-course ADT (n=762) in addition to postoperative radiotherapy at 138 centres in Canada, Denmark, Ireland, and the UK. With a median follow-up of 8·9 years (7·0–10·0), 313 metastasis-free survival events were reported overall (174 in the short-course ADT group and 139 in the long-course ADT group; HR 0·773 [95% CI 0·612–0·975]; p=0·029). 10-year metastasis-free survival was 71·9% (95% CI 67·6–75·7) in the short-course ADT group and 78·1% (74·2–81·5) in the long-course ADT group. Toxicity of grade 3 or higher was reported for 105 (14%) of 753 participants in the short-course ADT group and 142 (19%) of 757 participants in the long-course ADT group (p=0·025), with no treatment-related deaths. Interpretation Compared with adding 6 months of ADT, adding 24 months of ADT improved metastasis-free survival in people receiving postoperative radiotherapy. For individuals who can accept the additional duration of adverse effects, long-course ADT should be offered with postoperative radiotherapy. Funding Cancer Research UK, UK Research and Innovation (formerly Medical Research Council), and Canadian Cancer Society

Corps enveloppants des algèbres de Lie en dimension infinie et en caractéristique positive

Let g be a Lie algebra over a field k, U(g) its enveloping algebra, K(g) the ring of fractions of U(g). The aim of this thesis is to study algebraic properties of the division ring K(g) in the following two situations: on the one hand when k is of characteristic 0 and g is infinite-dimensional; on the other hand when k is of positive characteristic and g is finite-dimensional.Assume k is of characteristic 0. We first define the notion of 'transcendance degree of level q' for Poisson algebras. This notion is introduced from V. Petrogradsky's dimensions of level q for associative or Lie algebras. We prove, under mild assumptions on g, that the transcendance degree of level q+1 of K(g) is equal to the dimension of level q of g.We then proceed to the study of the family of Witt type Lie algebras defined by R. Yu. We can thus construct infinite families of pairwise non-isomorphic division rings with a given transcendance degree of level 3. We also study the question of centralisers in the enveloping skewfield of positive parts of Witt type algebras. In particular, we prove the following result: there exist infinite dimensional non-commutative Lie algebras g such that the first Weyl skewfield does not embed in K(g).Now assume that k is of characteristic p>0. We study the following specific Lie algebras: the matrix algebras gl(n); the algebras sl(n) provided p does not divide n; the modular Witt algebra W(1) and a subalgebra P of the Witt algebra W(2) (isomorphic to a tensor product of the Lie algebra W(1) with an associative algebra of truncated polynomials). In each case we prove that the enveloping skewfield is isomorphic to a Weyl skewfield. For the algebras W(1) and P, we also prove that the centre of the enveloping algebra is a unique factorisation domain, in agreement with a recent conjecture by A. Braun and C. Hajarnavis.Soient g une k-algèbre de Lie, U(g) son algèbre enveloppante, K(g) le corps des fractions de U(g). L'objet de cette thèse est d'étudier des propriétés algébriques du corps gauche K(g) dans les deux cas suivants : d'une part si k est de caractéristique 0 et g est de dimension infinie ; d'autre part si k est de caractéristique positive et g est de dimension finie.On suppose k de caractéristique nulle. On définit d'abord la notion de "degré de transcendance de niveau q" pour les algèbres de Poisson. Cette notion est introduite à partir de la notion de dimension de niveau q définie par V. Pétrogradsky pour les algèbres associatives et les algèbres de Lie. On démontre, sous des hypothèses peu restrictives sur g, que le degré de transcendance de niveau q+1 de K(g) est égal à la dimension de niveau q de g.On s'attache ensuite à l'étude de la famille des algèbres de type Witt définies par R. Yu. On construit ainsi des familles infinies de corps gauches deux à deux non isomorphes mais de même degré de transcendance de niveau 3 donné. On étudie aussi la question des centralisateurs dans les corps enveloppants des parties positives des algèbres de type Witt. On établit en particulier le résultat suivant : il existe des algèbres de Lie non commutatives de dimension infinie g telles que le premier corps de Weyl ne se plonge pas dans K(g).Supposons maintenant k de caractéristique p>0. On étudie le cas particuliers des algèbres de Lie suivantes : les algèbres gl(n) ; les algèbres sl(n) lorsque p ne divise pas n ; l'algèbre de Witt modulaire W(1) et une sous-algèbre P de l'algèbre de Witt W(2) (s'identifiant à un produit tensoriel de l'algèbre de Lie W(1) avec une algèbre associative de polynômes tronqués). Dans tous les cas, on démontre que le corps enveloppant est isomorphe à un corps de Weyl. Pour les algèbres W(1) et P, on démontre en outre que le centre de l'algèbre enveloppante est un anneau factoriel, en accord avec une conjecture récente de A. Braun et C. Hajarnavis