The Evolutionary Dynamics of Infectious Diseases on an Unstable Planet: Insights from Modeling the Stockholm Paradigm

Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are, besides a question of food safety and public health, an ecological and evolutionary issue. The recognition of this condition combined with the accumulation of evidence that pathogens are not specialists in their original hosts evidences the need for understanding how the dynamics of interaction between pathogens and hosts occurs. The Stockholm Paradigm (SP) provides the theoretical fundaments to understand the dynamics of diseases and design proactive measures to avoid the emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases. In this review, we revisit the models that evaluate several aspects of the proposed dynamics of the SP, including the complexity nature of the elements that have been associated with this new framework for the evolution of associations. We integrate the results from these studies into a putative dynamic of infectious diseases, discuss subordinate elements of this dynamic, and provide suggestions on how to integrate these findings into the DAMA (Document, Assess, Monitor, Act) protocol

The Stockholm Paradigm: Lessons for the Emerging Infectious Disease Crisis

The emerging infectious disease (EID) crisis represents an immediate existential threat to modern humanity. Current policies aimed at coping with the EID crisis are ineffective and unsustainably expensive. They have failed because they are based on a scientific paradigm that produced the parasite paradox. The Stockholm paradigm (SP) resolves the paradox by integrating four elements of evolutionary biology: ecological fitting, sloppy fitness space, coevolution, and responses to environmental perturbations. It explains why and how the EID crisis occurs and is expanding and what happens after an EID emerges that sets the stage for future EIDs. The SP provides a number of critical insights for changing scientific and public policy in a manner that allows us to begin coping with the EID crisis in an effective manner. It provides hope that we can anticipate EIDs and prevent them or at least mitigate their impacts. This article has been produced in support of and with appreciation for the efforts by Gábor Földvári of the Institute of Evolution, Centre for Ecological Research, and the Centre for Eco-Epidemiology, National Laboratory for Health Security (both located at 1121 Budapest, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33, Hungary). Through his untiring efforts, team building, and leadership, he has secured the first EU-wide team research grant. This work was supported by the National Research, Development and Innovation Office in Hungary (RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00006) and the COST Action CA21170 “Prevention, anticipation and mitigation of tick-borne disease risk applying the DAMA protocol (PRAGMATICK),” which represent the first funded efforts to apply the principles of the DAMA protocol

A new species of Gyrodactylus (Monogenea, Gyrodactylidae), an ectoparasite from the endemic Iranocichla hormuzensis (Teleostei, Cichlidae), the only Iranian cichlid

Iranocichla hormuzensis occupies a biogeographically peculiar position. This endemic of southern Iran is the only Iranian cichlid. While it is phylogenetically related to African oreochromine members of the cichlid family, it remains unclear how it has dispersed into its current range. It is one of the many lasting enigmas of cichlid biogeography. Monogenean fish parasites may provide useful additional information in such cases. Therefore, I. hormuzensis was examined for these flatworms. A gyrodactylid parasite is reported and compared to congeners from the Palearctic and from cichlids. In this way, we verify whether it shows affinities to parasites from fishes that are either biogeographically or phylogenetically close to Iranocichla hormuzensis. The species is new to science and is described as Gyrodactylus jalalii sp. nov. This is the first description of a parasite infecting I. hormuzensis. Because of the fixation method or age of the material, DNA could not be isolated. Due to the lack of genetic data, no conclusions can be drawn on its phylogenetic positioning. Indeed, Gyrodactylus phylogeny cannot be inferred from morphological characteristics alone. Moreover, the congeners phenotypically reminiscent of the new species belong to a Gyrodactylus clade which is highly diverse in geographic range and host choice. Hence, there is no evidence linking the new species to an exclusively African or cichlid-bound Gyrodactylus lineage

Hybrids between Pseudoplatystoma corruscans and P. reticulatum (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) previously reported in the Upper Paraná River are likely escapes from aquaculture farms: evidence from microsatellite markers

ABSTRACT The production of hybrids of the 'pintado', Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Spix & Agassiz, 1829) and 'cachara', Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889) in captivity has generated many concerns about the possibility of introduction of farmed hybrids into natural environments. In the last decade, hybrids between these species, known as 'pintachara' or 'cachapinta', were reported from different regions of the Upper Paraná River basin. Prospection of these hybrids is important in order to orient conservation programs for the species involved. Knowledge of the presence of these hybrids will direct conservation strategies towards prevention and/or mitigation of the effects of cross breeding in natural populations of P. corruscans (the native species of the genus) and farmed hybrids. In this study, surveyed the larval population using molecular tools to detect the presence and assess the origin (natural hybridization or escapes from fish farms) of hybrids in natural water bodies. Nine microsatellite markers were used to detect signals of hybridization and introgression of P. reticulatum in larvae and adults of P. corruscans in Upper Paraná River basin, between Itaipu Dam and Porto Primavera Dam. The specimens were sampled in the Upper Paraná channel and in tributaries where hybrids had been detected in the past, during two reproductive seasons. Despite of that, no sign of hybridization and introgression was found in the 171 larvae and 75 adults sampled, suggesting that the specimens detected in previous studies had originated from escapes of aquaculture farms

The Parasitic Crustaceans Of Fishes From The Brazilian Amazon 8 Acusicola Lycengraulidis N. Sp. (Copepoda: Cyclopidea) From Lycengraulis Grossidens Cuvier

The female of Acusicola lycengraulidis n. sp. (CopepodaCyclopidea) is described from the gills of an Amazonian fish, Lycengraulis grossidens Cuvier. The new species differs from the other three known for the genus in having an inflated cephalothorax which incorporates the first leg bearing segment. The new species therefore has only five free thoracic segments instead of six. Also, A. lycengraulidis n. sp. has a more slender second segment on the first endopod and a curved and pointed terminal segment on the fourth endopod

Kalipharynx Piramboae Gen. Et Sp. N. (Trematoda : Fellodistomidae) Parasita Do Peixe Pulmonado Amazônico Lepidosiren Paradoxa Fitzinger

Kalipharynx piramboae gen. et sp. n. (Trematoda: Fellodistomidae) is described from the Amazonian lung fish, locally known as the "piramboia", Lepidosiren paradoxa (Dipnoi: Lepidosirenidae). The new genus differs from all other genera in the family by having a large, muscular pharynx, with anterior digitiform projections. Among the genera of this family, Kalipharynx is more similar to Heterorchis Baylis, 1915, from which it differs by having: 1) A larger acetabulum; 2) A small, terminal excretory pore; 3) An undivided, sacular seminal vesicle; and 4) A different genus of host from a different continent. K. piramboae is the first adult trematode to be reported from L. paradoxa.Kalipharynx piramboae gen. e sp. n. (TrematodaFellodistomidae) é descrito do peixe pulmonado Amazônico chamado piramboia, Lepidosiren paradoxa (DipnoiLepidosirenidae). O novo gênero distingue-se dos demais gêneros da família por apresentar uma faringe musculosa com projeções digitiformes anteriores. Entre os gêneros desta família, Kalipharynx assemelha-se mais com Heterorchis Baylis, 1915, do qual, além da faringe, se distingue por ter1) Um acetábulo maior; 2) Um poro excretor pequeno e terminal; 3) Uma vesícula seminal sacular não bipartida; e 4) Um hospedeiro de diferente gênero e continente. K. piramboae é o primeiro trematódeo adulto citado em L. paradoxa

Patologia De Peixes Da Amazônia Brasileira, Alterações Histológicas Em Brânquias Provocadas Por Ergasilus, Brasergasilus E Acusicola (Crustácea: Cyclopoida: Ergasilidae)

The pathology of Ergasilus, Brasergasilus and Acusicola (Crustacea: Cyclopoida: Ergasilidae) on Amazonian fishes is described. These ergasilids cause epithelial hyperplasia and metaplasia, as well as lamellar fusion and destruction in the gill filaments of their hosts. The damage caused by Ergasilus is found to vary considerably, depending on the species, and the other two genera are shown to be even more pathogenic. The variations in the pathology among the three genera are largely the result of different attachment strategies. Ergasilus tends to embrace the gill filament, but may also perforate the tissue with its antennal claw (4th antennal segment). Brasergasilus completely inserts the antennal claw into the gill tissue while Acusicola embraces the filament and uses the claws to latch the antennae together. Because of the tourniquet effect of the antennae of this genus, necrosis in the tip of the invaded filament inevitably occurs. In relation to piscicultura, ergasilids will likely prove to be even more of a problem in the Amazon than they have already been shown to be in Europe and North America. All of these ergasilids reduce the respiratory capacity of the fish which, in turn, can lower the growth rate and provoke death from asphixiation in moments of oxygen scarcity.É descrita a patologia de Ergasilus, Brasergasilus e Acusicola (CrustaceaCyclopoidaErgasilidae) em peixes amazônicos. Esses ergasilídeos provocam hiperplasia e metaplasia epitelial e também fusão e destruição lemelar nos filamentos branquiais dos seus respectivos hospedeiros. O dano causado por Ergasilus varia consideravelmente, dependendo da espécie. Os outros dois gêneros são mais patogênicos ainda. As variações na patologia entre os três gêneros são principalmente relacionadas às diferentes maneiras de fixação que utilizam. Ergasilus tende a enlaçar o filamento branquial, mas pode também furar os tecidos com a garra da antena (quarto segmento antenal). Brasergasilus introduz completamente a garra dentro dos tecidos branquiais, enquanto Acusicola enlaça o filamento, utilizando as garras para juntar firmemente as duas antenas. Devido ao impedimento na circulação do sangue causado pelas antenas deste gênero, ocorre inevitavelmente necrose na extremidade do filamento infestado. Em relação à piscicultura, os ergasilídeos provavelmente se mostrarão como um problema ainda maior na Amazônia do que já são na Europa e na América do Norte. Todos estes ergasilídeos tendem a reduzir a capacidade respiratória do peixe o que pode, a sua vez, limitar a taxa de crescimento, além de provocar a morte por asfixia durante momentos de carência de oxigênio

The Parasitic Crustaceans Of Fishes From The Brazilian Amazon. 5. Brasergasilus Gen. Nov. (Copepoda: Cyclopidea), A "Three-Legged" Ergasilid, With Two New Species And The Proposal Of Abergasilinae Subfam. Nov.

Brasergasilus jaraquensis gen. et sp. nov. and B. anodus sp. nov. (CopepodaCyclopideaErgasilidae), gill parasites of Semaprochiiodus insignis (Schomburgk) and Anodus elongatus Spix, are described from the Amazon River. The new genus has only three pairs of swimming legs and in this respect is similar only to one species from New Zealand, Abergasilus amplexus Hewitt, 1978. The two genera also have in common a three-segmented prehensile antenna. Abergasilus, however, has the base of the second antennal segment developed into a massive spine which abutts against the claw-like third segment. The new genus completely lacks this fundamental structure. Aditionally, Abergasilus has six free thoracic segments while the new genus only has five. Abergasilinae Subfam. nov. is proposed for these two genera and their three species. Ergasilinae nom. nov. is provisionally defined and proposed to include the other 11 genera of the family. The type species of Brasergasilus gen. nov. is B. jaraquensis sp. nov. and it can be distinguished from B. anodus sp. nov. by the following characteristics1) The type species is larger and of a greenish coloration while B. anodus has fewer pigment granules that are of a bluish tint. 2) B. jaraquensis has a more slender second antenna and the most abrupt bend of the claw occurs distally; the second antenna of B. anodus is thicker and the abrupt bend Is found proximally. 3) The uropod of the type species has two setae and two small spines, while that of the other species has three setae and lacks spines. 4) The first leg of B. jaraquensis is laterally serrate while that of B. anodus is pectinate. The two species parasitize two different genera of host fish and are probably host specific.Brasergasilus jaraquensis gen. et sp. nov. e B. anodus sp. nov. (Copepoda: Cyclopidea: Ergasilidae) são descritas como parasitas das brânquias de Semaprochilodus insignis (Schomburgk) e Anodus elongatus Spix, da Amazônia brasileira. O novo gênero tem somente 3 pares de pernas natatórias e, portanto, mostra semelhança unicamente com uma espécie da Nova Zelândia, Abergasilus amplexus Hewitt, 1978. Os dois gêneros também têm a segunda (preênsil) antena de três segmentos e não quatro, como é o caso dos demais gêneros de Ergasilidae. Abergasilus tem ainda um crescimento grande, em forma de espinho, na base do segundo segmento da antena preênsil com o qual o ápice do terceiro segmento pode se juntar. O novo gênero carece totalmente dessa estrutura fundamental. Aliás, Abergasilus tem seis segmentos torácicos livres, enquanto o novo gênero somente tem cinco. A nova subfamília Abergasilinae é proposta para estes dois gêneros e suas três espécies. Ergasilinae nom. nov. é provisoriamente definida e proposta para conter os outros onze gêneros da família. A espécie tipo de Brasergasilus gen. nov. é B. jaraquensis sp. nov. e ela distingue-se de B. anodus da maneira seguinte: 1) a espécie tipo é maior e mais verde enquanto B. anodus tem menos grânulos de pigmentação e estes são de uma cor mais azul. 2) B. jaraquensis tem a segunda antena mais fina e a dobra mais pronunciada da unha ocorre distalmente; a segunda antena de B. anodus é menos fina e a dobra da unha encontra-se proximalmente. 3) o urópodo da espécie tipo tem duas setas e dois pequenos espinhos, enquanto o da outra espécie tem três setas e carece de espinhos. 4) a primeira perna de B. jaraquensis é serrilhada lateralmente enquanto a de B. anodus é pectinada. As duas espécies parasitam dois gêneros diferentes de hospedeiros e, provavelmente, são específicas para eles