Bayesian estimation of Shannon entropy for bivariate beta priors

Having just survived what is arguably the worst financial crisis in time, it is expected that the focus on regulatory capital held by financial institutions such as banks will increase significantly over the next few years. The probability of default is an important determinant of the amount of regulatory capital to be held, and the accurate calibration of this measure is vital. The purpose of this study is to propose the use of the Shannon entropy when determining the parameters of the prior bivariate beta distribution as part of a Bayesian calibration methodology. Various bivariate beta distributions will be considered as priors to the multinomial distribution associated with rating categories, and the appropriateness of these bivariate beta distributions will be tested on default data. The formulae derived for the Bayesian estimation of Shannon entropy will be used to measure the certainty obtained when selecting the prior parameters.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2010.Statisticsunrestricte

Effects of a bio-invasion of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793) in five shallow water habitats in Scandinavia

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Non-gauge fixing approach to chiral gauge theories using staggered fermions

We investigate a proposal for the construction of models with chiral fermions on the lattice using staggered fermions. In this approach the gauge invariance is broken by the coupling of the staggered fermions to the gauge fields. Motivated by previous results in the non-gauge invariant massive Yang-Mills theory and certain gauge-fermion models we aim at a dynamical restoration of the gauge invariance in the full quantum model. If the gauge symmetry breaking is not too severe, this procedure could lead in the continuum limit to the desired gauge invariant chiral gauge theory. This scenario is very attractive since it does not rely on gauge fixing. We investigate a simple realization of this approach in a U(1) axial-vector model with dynamical fermions in four dimensions.Comment: 25 pages, 12 postscript figures (appended), ITFA 93-18, UCSD/PTH 93-1

PENGARUH MOTIVASI MAHASISWA TERHADAP KEMINATAN PROFESI AKUNTAN PUBLIK : Studi Kasus Pada Program Studi Akuntansi Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh motivasi mahasiswa terhadap keminatan profesi akuntan publik. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada program studi Akuntansi Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia angkatan 2011 sampai 2014. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif dan kausalitas. Data yang digunakan merupakan data primer yang diperoleh dari hasil pengisian kuesioner. Hasil pengujian hipotesis menyimpulkan bahwa motivasi mahasiswa berupa penghargaan finansial dan pertimbangan pasar berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap keminatan profesi Akuntan Publik. Sedangkan motivasi mahasiswa berupa lingkungan kerja dan nilai-nilai sosial berpengaruh negatif. Dan secara meyeluruh, motivasi mahasiswa berpengaruh negatif terhadap keminatan profesi Akuntan Publik. Kata kunci: Motivasi Mahasiswa, Keminatan Profesi, Akuntan Publik. The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of college student motivation toward of public accountant profession interest. This research was conducted to Accounting student at Universitas Pendidkan Indonesia from 2011 up to 2014 grade. Descriptive and causality method used in this research with primary data which from the questionnaires. It is concluded that motivation of college students which form in financial rewards and market considerations have positive and significant impact toward of Public Accountant profession. While the motivation of college students which form in working environment and social values have negative impact. And simultaneously, college student motivation have negative impact toward interest of Public Accountant profession. Keywords: College Student Motivation, Profession Interest, Public Accountan

Kelp harvesting in Nord-Trøndelag – Kelp vegetation recovery studies 2010–2014

The Institute of Marine Research monitored the kelp (Laminaria hyperborea) vegetation and sea urchin populations in Nord-Trøndelag in 2014. The survey included previously kelp harvested areas and nearby reference areas, and was performed by underwater video. In addition, kelp plants were collected from areas harvested four years earlier, for measurements of plant size, age and epiphytes. Observations in harvested areas revealed that although kelp rapidly re-monopolizes the substratum (< 2 years), plant sizes and epiphytes are still below pre-harvesting levels 4 years later. Age structure of plants collected in areas harvested in 2010, suggests that kelp recruits present as understory vegetation prior to harvesting, contribute substantially to the restocking of kelp on trawlfields. The understory density of new kelp recruits 4 years after harvesting was significantly lower than it was prior to harvesting. The density of sea urchins was generally low and grazing effects on recovering kelp plants appeared negligibl

Effects of kelp harvesting on fish and crustaceans in Vikna, Nord- Trøndelag 2013

The Institute of Marine Research studied effects of kelp (Laminaria hyperborea) harvesting on near shore fish and crab abundance in Vikna (Nord-Trøndelag) in June (before) and August (after) 2013. A similar follow up survey one year after kelp harvesting in Flatanger was planned in august 2013, but had to be postponed for another year due to bad weather conditions. The “after” surveillance in Flatanger was performed in August 2014, and will be presented in a separate report. Recordings were made using fixed underwater camera systems and traditional fish and crab catching gear in kelp harvested areas and in reference kelp beds. Recordings from Vikna in 2013 indicate no significant effects of kelp harvesting on nearshore fish and crab abundances. Such effects may however be disguised by large variations in the data sets, partly because of seasonal variations in fish and crab abundances between the before (June) and after (August) surveillanc

Before and after studies of kelp (Laminaria hyperborea) harvesting in Nord-Trøndelag in 2012

The Institute of Marine Research surveyed the kelp vegetation, before and after kelp (Laminaria hyperborea) harvesting in Nord-Trøndelag in June and August 2012. Survey stations included both kelp harvested areas (harvested in 2010, 2011 and 2012) and nearby reference areas, and was performed by underwater video. In addition, kelp plants were collected for measurements of plant length, diameter, weight, age and epiphytes. Based on these observations the state of the kelp forest was considered to be healthy, with an average of 27 kg kelp biomass per m2 prior to harvesting and moderate densities of sea urchins. The recovery of kelp vegetation on fields harvested in 2010 and 2011 is ongoing, and the kelp coverage in harvested areas were 90% (21 months after the 2010 harvesting)) and 74% (11 months after the 2011 harvesting) in June 2012. The average length of the recovering generation of kelp plants was in June 2012 around 17% (11 months after the 2011 harvesting) and 28% (21 months after the 2010 harvesting) of the average kelp plant sizes prior to harvesting. The density of sea urchins was generally low and grazing effects on recovering kelp plants appeared negligible. The harvested kelp crop in Nord-Trøndelag in 2012 was 14.901 tonnes, and estimated to be around 5,5 % of the standing kelp stock on the 8 fields earmarked for kelp harvesting this year

Veileder til startpakkene for kartlegging av marint biologisk mangfold - Sør-Trøndelag

Den foreliggende rapporten utgjør en veileder til Sør-Trøndelags digitale startpakke, med oversikt over hvilke informasjon som er inkludert i startpakken, status for kartleggingen for de ulike naturtypene, og et forslag til prioritering av framtidig innsats for å få kartlagt de gjenstående viktigste forekomstene

The invasive Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, in Scandinavia coastal waters:A risk assessment on the impact in different habitats and climate conditions

A massive invasion of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, has occurred in Scandinavia during the last decade. The introduction and dispersal was described through collaboration between scientists from Sweden, Denmark and Norway. This work has been followed up by national activities that clearly visualized the need for a continued collaboration between scientists in the Scandinavian countries, as the bio-invasion is a cross-border issue and management actions then have to be synchronized, and based on a “state of the art” knowledge of the Scandinavian bio-invasion of the species. The risk assessment presented in this report is based on available scientific literature, expert judgments and data collected during a Nordic collaboration project on Pacific oysters in 2011 – 2013

Shannon entropy as a measure of certainty in a Bayesian calibration framework with bivariate beta priors

The Bayesian estimator of the Shannon entropy is derived using Connor and Mosimann bivariate beta, bivariate beta type III and bivariate beta type V distribution distributions. Given the increased focus on the calculation of regulatory capital held by banks, it is important to have accurate probability of default estimates. Therefore in this paper the use of the Bayesian estimator of the Shannon entropy as a measure of certainty, when selecting the parameters of these various bivariate beta prior distributions in a Bayesian calibration framework, is illustrated using Moody’s corporate default rates.This work is based upon research supported by the National Research Foundation, South Africa (GRANT: FA2007043000003).http://www.sastat.org.za/journal.ht