Sending Country Policies

This chapter explores the twin central questions of how and why countries of origin reach out to expatriate populations. It first outlines basic concepts and typologies related to sending country policies, focusing particularly on key countries of origin of migrants settled within the European Union. Second, the chapter reviews central explanations for the emergence of sending country policies. However, sending countries do not reach out to their emigrants in equal measure. Differences are therefore examined in the outreach policies of sending countries and in sending countries' transnational relations with diasporas. The last part of the chapter discusses the nexus between sending country policies and migrant integration in the country of residence. On the basis of existing research, the chapter argues that sending country policies may intersect with migrants' integration in a number of ways. For example, migrant sending countries may seek to strengthen the upward mobility of their expatriate citizens in their place of residence abroad, and they may call for greater protection of migrant workers in precarious labour situations. Little is currently known about how migrants and diasporas respond to these policies and how they are perceived by political actors of countries of residence. This is an area for further study. More analysis is also needed to determine the extent that sending country outreach policies aimed at bonding with and supporting citizens abroad challenge territorial policy sovereignty and the strength of receiving countries in agenda-setting in international cooperation on migration and migrant settlement

PROPRIETÀ MECCANICHE DI ELETTROFORMATI NANOCRISTALLINI IN LEGA Ni-Co

L’elettroformatura di componenti per impieghi strutturali è un processo di crescente importanza industriale e richiede lo sviluppo di materiali con un insieme calibrato di caratteristiche fisico-meccaniche di non facile conseguimento. In questo lavoro si è messo a punto un processo di elettrodeposizione di lega Ni-Co di composizione ottimizzata rispetto ad una possibile specifica di progetto. Morfologia e microstruttura sono state caratterizzate mediante analisi di microscopia elettronica e diffrazione di raggi X; la caratterizzazione meccanica è stata condotta attraverso prove di trazione, indentazione strumentata, microscratch e misura degli sforzi residui. I risultati forniti da prove di trazione e di microdurezza sono stati analizzati allo scopo di definire una correlazione precisa e riproducibile tra limite elastico e durezza Vickers per il materiale in studio. La struttura nanocristallina della lega ha offerto lo spunto per studiare la dipendenza delle proprietà meccaniche dalla velocità di deformazione, sia attraverso prove di trazione sia attraverso prove di microscratch, in modo da potere sondare un intervallo di velocità di deformazione il più ampio possibile

Dalla coca alla baby-banana: la rinascita dei produttori in Perù

Nella conca dell’Alto Rio Huallaga esondazioni e siccità mettono a rischio la cultivar moquicho. Un progetto di sviluppo rurale affianca 200 produttori nel rispondere agli eventi estremi, rafforzando le economie local

Antigen avoidance in a mountain environment: influence on basophil releasability in children with allergic asthma

BACKGROUND: The influence of natural antigen avoidance in an environment free of relevant allergens (Istituto Pio XII, Misurina, Italian Alps, 1756 m) and of antigen exposure (sea level) on basophil releasability, as well as on bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR) and specific IgE serum level, were investigated in a group of children with asthma who were allergic to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. METHODS: Twenty allergic children with asthma participated in the study. Spontaneous and antigen-induced histamine release, BHR, and serum IgE were investigated at the time of admission, after 40 and 80 days of antigen avoidance, and after 15 days of exposure at sea level. RESULTS: Significant drops in antigen-induced basophil histamine release, BHR, and specific IgE serum level but not in spontaneous basophil histamine release were observed after 40 days of antigen avoidance and were confirmed at a further evaluation after 40 more days. After 15 days of antigen exposure at sea level, specific antigen-induced basophil histamine release, BHR, and serum IgE but not spontaneous basophil histamine release increased promptly, even if not significantly. CONCLUSION: In children with allergic asthma, antigen-induced basophil releasability, BHR, and specific IgE serum levels appear to be modifiable by periods of antigen avoidance or exposure