Atributos químicos, fisiologia, nutrição e produção do maracujazeiro sob salinidade da água, revestimento lateral das covas e cálcio no solo

The excess of soluble salts in soil and water, and low and irregular rainfall are the main problems in agriculture and justifies the need to consider measures to production in semiarid areas. In this sense, the work was carried out to evaluate the effects of irrigation with saline water, side lining of pits and application of calcium in Entisol fertility attributes cultivated with yellow passion fruit cv. BRS Giant Yellow. The treatments were arranged in a split plot in esuqema 2 x (2 x 5) corresponding to salinity (0.3 and 4.0 dS m-1), main plot, combined with pits without and with lateral protection of pits and calcium doses (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha-1), subplots. The treatments were distributed in four randomized blocks and the experimental unit was formed by four plants. The variables evaluated were: electrical conductivity of soil saturation extract, pH, exchangeable bases, potential acidity, cation exchange capacity, base saturation and exchangeable sodium percentage. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and the effects of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (salinity) and protection of the pits were compared by the F test (p ≤ 0.05) and those related to calcium doses adjusted by regression by the F test (p ≤ 0.10). The increase in the electrical conductivity of the irrigation water increased the levels of Na+, K+, CEC and ESP, whereas for Ca2+, BS and H++Al3+ the increase was only observed in the coated pits. The coating of the pits with plastic film intensified the salinization and sodification of the soil. The application of calcium in addition to increasing its soil content, attenuated the damaging effect of sodium, reducing ECse, Na+ and ESP. The high calcium level fertilization 60 kg ha-1 is recommended for the cultivation of passion fruit in Entisol with a low calcium content.Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPqO excesso de sais solúveis, no solo e na água, e a baixa e irregular pluviosidade constituem os principais problemas à agricultura. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da irrigação com água salina, revestimento lateral das covas e aplicação de cálcio nos atributos da fertilidade de Neossolo Regolítico cultivado com maracujazeiro amarelo cv. BRS GA1. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em parcela subdividida no esquema 2 x (2 x 5) correspondente a salinidade da água (0,3 e 4,0 dS m-1), parcela principal, combinados com covas sem e com proteção lateral das covas e doses de cálcio (0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 kg ha-1), subparcelas. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em quatro blocos casualizados e a unidade experimental foi formada por quatro plantas. As variáveis avaliadas foram: condutividade elétrica do extrato de saturação, pH, bases trocáveis, acidez potencial, capacidade de troca de cátions, saturação por bases e percentagem de sódio trocável do solo. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância, os efeitos da condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (salinidade) e da proteção lateral das covas foram comparados pelo teste F (p ≤ 0,05) e os referentes às doses de cálcio ajustados a regressão pelo teste F (p ≤ 0,10). O aumento da condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação elevou os teores de Na+, K+, CTC e PST, enquanto para Ca2+, SB e H++Al3+ o aumento só foi constatado nas covas revestidas. O revestimento das covas com filme plástico intensificou a salinização e sodificação do solo. A aplicação de cálcio além de elevar o seu teor no solo, atenuou o efeito danoso do sódio, reduzindo a CEes, o Na+ e a PST. A adubação calcítica ao nível de 60 kg ha-1 é recomendada para cultivo de maracujazeiro amarelo em Neossolo Regolítico com baixo teor de cálcio

Allometry and morphophysiology of papaya seedlings in a substrate with polymer under irrigation with saline water

The availability and quality of the irrigation water are among the limitations for the development of agriculture in the semiarid. Aiming at gathering information on these limitations, this work aimed to evaluate the association between a water-absorbing polymer and water salinity in irrigation frequencies, as well as container volumes on the allometric and morphophysiological indices of seedlings of the papaya (Carica papaya) cultivar ‘Sunrise Solo’. The treatments were obtained from the combination between the water-absorbing polymer (0.0; 0.2; 0.6; 1.0, and; 1.2 g dm-3), the electrical conductivity of the irrigation water (0.3; 1.1; 2.7; 4.3, and; 5.0 dS m-1), and irrigation frequencies (daily and alternate), plus two additional treatments (0.75 and 1.30 dm3) to study the effects of the container volume, distributed in a randomized block design. At 55 days after sowing, the following characteristics were evaluated: ratio between stem height and diameter; ratio between shoot and root dry matter; root density; leaf blade area; ratio between total leaf area and root dry mass; specific leaf area; leaf area ratio; leaf mass ratio; and Dickson quality index. The allometric and morphophysiological indices were damaged by the increase of water electrical conductivity and favored by the application of the polymer and a higher irrigation frequency. In the production of papaya seedlings, a daily irrigation frequency must be prioritized, using containers of 0.75 or 1.30 dm-3, water with electrical conductivity up to 2.6 and 1.9 dS m-1 when irrigated daily or in alternate days, respectively, and 0.6 g dm-3 of polymer.The availability and quality of the irrigation water are among the limitations for the development of agriculture in the semiarid. Aiming at gathering information on these limitations, this work aimed to evaluate the association between a water-absorbing polymer and water salinity in irrigation frequencies, as well as container volumes on the allometric and morphophysiological indices of seedlings of the papaya (Carica papaya) cultivar ‘Sunrise Solo’. The treatments were obtained from the combination between the water-absorbing polymer (0.0; 0.2; 0.6; 1.0, and; 1.2 g dm-3), the electrical conductivity of the irrigation water (0.3; 1.1; 2.7; 4.3, and; 5.0 dS m-1), and irrigation frequencies (daily and alternate), plus two additional treatments (0.75 and 1.30 dm3) to study the effects of the container volume, distributed in a randomized block design. At 55 days after sowing, the following characteristics were evaluated: ratio between stem height and diameter; ratio between shoot and root dry matter; root density; leaf blade area; ratio between total leaf area and root dry mass; specific leaf area; leaf area ratio; leaf mass ratio; and Dickson quality index. The allometric and morphophysiological indices were damaged by the increase of water electrical conductivity and favored by the application of the polymer and a higher irrigation frequency. In the production of papaya seedlings, a daily irrigation frequency must be prioritized, using containers of 0.75 or 1.30 dm-3, water with electrical conductivity up to 2.6 and 1.9 dS m-1 when irrigated daily or in alternate days, respectively, and 0.6 g dm-3 of polymer

Biofertilizers in horticultural crops

Bovine manure biofertilizers can exert physical, chemical, and biological effects on the soil and the phytoprotective, physiological, and productive actions in horticultural crops. The literature review was performed to compile information on the production, uses, and effects of bovine manure biofertilizers on soil properties and plants. Biofertilizers are produced by organic components, minerals, and inoculants. Among the organic sources, the bovine manure is the most used. The fermentation of the bovine manure in water constitutes the Vairo biofertilizer, the most employed in Brazilian horticulture. With the chemical enrichment of this preparation came the Supermagro, Agrobio, and Agrobom biofertilizers. In the soil, it can act in the improvement of soil fertility, physical properties, and in the diversity and abundance of the biota. Also, it can act in control of pests and diseases, leaf composition concerning macro and micronutrients, and in the production and post-harvest quality of horticultural crops. Therefore, this review describes the preparation, chemical composition, and utilization of bovine manure biofertilizers in both soil and plants, offering perspectives of research on the formulations, application, and effects of these inputs on horticultural species.Bovine manure biofertilizers can exert physical, chemical, and biological effects on the soil and the phytoprotective, physiological, and productive actions in horticultural crops. The literature review was performed to compile information on the production, uses, and effects of bovine manure biofertilizers on soil properties and plants. Biofertilizers are produced by organic components, minerals, and inoculants. Among the organic sources, the bovine manure is the most used. The fermentation of the bovine manure in water constitutes the Vairo biofertilizer, the most employed in Brazilian horticulture. With the chemical enrichment of this preparation came the Supermagro, Agrobio, and Agrobom biofertilizers. In the soil, it can act in the improvement of soil fertility, physical properties, and in the diversity and abundance of the biota. Also, it can act in control of pests and diseases, leaf composition concerning macro and micronutrients, and in the production and post-harvest quality of horticultural crops. Therefore, this review describes the preparation, chemical composition, and utilization of bovine manure biofertilizers in both soil and plants, offering perspectives of research on the formulations, application, and effects of these inputs on horticultural species

Emergência e crescimento inicial de plantas de Parkinsonia aculeata L. (Fabaceae) em substrato salino

A espécie Parkinsonia aculeata L. ocorre em zonas áridas, semiáridas e subúmidas, encontrando-se dispersa em várias regiões do planeta, onde é empregada em diferentes usos. Porém, em determinados ambientes, como caatinga e ecossistemas associados do Nordeste brasileiro, a espécie apresenta caráter invasor. Dessa forma, um experimento foi desenvolvido em abrigo telado para avaliar os efeitos da salinidade no comportamento germinativo e vegetativo de plantas de Parkinsonia aculeata. Inicialmente, o material de um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo foi irrigado com água salina (0,2; 1,5; 3,0; 4,5; e 6,0 dS m-1). Em seguida, foram acondicionados 16 kg de cada substrato em vasos plásticos com capacidade para 21 L, e os tratamentos foram arranjados em blocos casualizados com nove repetições. Após a emergência, 10 dias após a semeadura, realizou-se o desbaste, deixando quatro plântulas por vaso. As variáveis avaliadas foram: emergência, índice de velocidade de emergência, concentrações das clorofilas a, b e total, diâmetro do caule no nível do solo, altura e número de folhas, 69 dias após a semeadura. O aumento da salinidade no solo de não salino (CEes CEes > 2 dS m-1) e moderadamente salino (8 dS m-1 > CEes > 4 dS m-1) estimulou a emergência, o crescimento inicial e a produção de clorofila nas plantas de Parkinsonia aculeata, ao contrário do que ocorre com a grande maioria das espécies. Em parte, isso explica o sucesso de sua proliferação em determinados sítios da caatinga

CULTIVO DE FEIJÃO-CAUPI EM LATOSSOLOS SOB O EFEITO RESIDUAL DA ADUBAÇÃO FOSFATADA

The cowpea considered one of the main dietary sources of tropical and subtropical regions. To population of the regions North and Northeast of Brazil represents an important socioeconomic activity. The objective of this study was to evaluate growth characteristics of cowpea under the residual effect of phosphorus fertilization. Research conducted on the screened greenhouse of the Department of Soil Science and Agricul- tural Engineering, Center of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia-PB. The substrates used were materials Oxisol textures of sandy clay and sandy clay franc that we fertilized with levels of 0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 kg ha-1 of P2O5. After fertilization, the cultures we performed with sunflower, corn and beans, respectively. Were analyzed the stem diameter, main branch length, leaf area, shoot dry weight and water con- sumption. The effect of residual phosphorus was significant for leaf area, dry weight of shoots and water con- sumption. The effect of soil was significant for all variables evaluated, except for the consumption of water. Phosphorus fertilization in sunflower, followed by maize cultivation has a positive effect on growth and water use by cowpea, third culture. The Oxisol of sandy clay loam texture led to the highest in diameter at ground level, main branch length and leaf area of cowpea

Quality of jackfruit seedlings under saline water stress and nitrogen fertilisation

The lack of good quality water for agriculture purposes regarding salts and quantity in relation to demand for the plants has, for more than 30 years, been forcing the use of restrictive water because of salinity issues in agricultural production systems worldwide. In Brazil, the situation is no different, in the semi-arid areas, there are reports of losses of seed germination, initial growth of seedlings and yield of crops of commercial importance due to the salinity of the water used in irrigation systems. Therefore, an experiment was carried out from June to September/2014 in a protected environment, with a plastic film on the upper base and a thin screen against insects on the sides, to evaluate the effects of salinity interaction between water irrigation and nitrogen fertilisation sources on soil salinity, initial plant growth and the quality of the jackfruit seedlings. The treatments were distributed in randomised blocks, in the factorial scheme 5 × 3, reference irrigation water of 0.3, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 dS m-1, in soil with and without ammonium sulfate and urea. An increase in the salinity of the irrigation water to 1.32 and 1.70 dS m-1 on the substrate without nitrogen stimulated an increase in the number of leaves and leaf area of the jackfruit seedlings. The ammonium sulfate was the nitrogen source that mainly contributed to the increase of soil salinity and to the reduction of the quality index of the seedlings. Despite the reduction of the Dickson quality index due to the salinity of the irrigation water and the nitrogen sources, the seedlings were suitable for cultivation

Comportamento vegetativo e produtividade de girassol em função do arranjo espacial das plantas

A cultura do girassol expressiva nos cenários nacional e internacional devido, principalmente, a possibilidade da utilização do óleo na fabricação de biodiesel. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos de arranjos espaciais das plantas sobre as características vegetativas e a produtividade de aquênios de girassol da variedade Embrapa 122 em dois locais de cultivo. Os experimentos foram desenvolvidos na Área Experimental do Departamento de Fitotecnia no Campus do Pici, em Fortaleza-CE, e na Fazenda Experimental Vale do Curu, em Pentecoste-CE. Foram avaliados 16 tratamentos obtidos pelas combinações entre quatro espaçamentos entre linhas (0,30; 0,50; 0,70 e 0,90 m) e quatro densidades de plantio (30.000; 45.000; 60.000 e 75.000 plantas ha-1) os quais foram distribuídos em quatro blocos casualizados. As características vegetativas consistiram na determinação do diâmetro do caule, comprimento da haste, número de folhas, área foliar e índice de área foliar. Ao final do ciclo da cultura também se determinou a produtividade de aquênio. Os experimentos foram analisados de forma conjunta em relação ao local de cultivo, sendo os dados submetidos à análise de variância e os fatores quantitativos testados por meio de regressão utilizando o teste F (p < 0,05) para verificar o ajuste dos modelos. Os fatores estudados não interagem simultaneamente sobre o comportamento vegetativo e produtividade, sendo o local de cultivo preponderante. A competição intraespecífica afeta o comportamento vegetativo do girassol. No manejo espacial da cultura, o espaçamento entre linhas pode afetar a produtividade de aquênios de girassol dependendo do local de cultivo