Generative action and preference reversal in exploratory project management

Organisations trying to innovate, despite being naturally encouraged to use project management and associated rational theories of choice, will necessarily experiment in some way or another due to the high levels of uncertainty and the unknown to be discovered. Exploratory project management may face situations requiring a constant reconfiguration of beliefs and hypotheses as a reaction to external factors. In this paper, we propose to discuss the existence of a generative rationality breaking away from classical decision theory by deliberately reversing preferences and designing decisions

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

De la R&D à la R.I.D (Modélisation des fonctions de conception et nouvelles organisations de la R&D)

EVRY-Centre de doc.du GERPISA (912282202) / SudocPARIS-MINES ParisTech (751062310) / SudocPARIS1-CHT (751042204) / SudocCACHAN-ENS (940162301) / SudocSudocFranceF

Des biens communs aux inconnus communs : initier un processus collectif de conception pour la gestion durable d’un agro-écosystème

The degradation of ecosystems is often interpreted as a tragedy of the commons. However, in cultivated ecosystems, local governance is hindered by the fact that there are no common resources recognized as such. How could collective action then be possible? We present an empirical case study in which local actors attempted to collectively design a sustainable agroecosystem on the basis of recent knowledge in ecology. These actors identified a “common unknown” allowing them to open a space for collective exploration. This research, which proposes to extend common goods to common unknowns, highlights a diversity of management challenges still overlooked in the literature on the commons and proposes pathways to address them.La dégradation des écosystèmes est souvent interprétée comme une problématique de surexploitation de biens communs. Or, dans les écosystèmes cultivés, il n’existe pas de ressources communes dont chacun percevrait la nécessité pour autoriser une forme de gouvernance locale. A quelle condition une action collective serait-elle alors possible ? Nous présentons un cas empirique dans lequel des acteurs ont tenté de concevoir collectivement un agro-écosystème durable à partir de connaissances récentes en écologie. Nous montrons que les acteurs ont identifié un « inconnu commun » leur permettant d’ouvrir un espace pour l’exploration collective. Cette recherche, qui propose d’étendre les biens communs aux inconnus communs, met en évidence une diversité d’enjeux de gestion encore sous-estimés dans la littérature sur les biens communs et propose des pistes pour y faire face

Etude par génétique inverse du gène codant la protéine TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN d'Arabidopsis thaliana (AtTOR), l'homologue d'une kinase contrôlant la croissance cellulaire chez les eucaryotes

STRASBOURG-Sc. et Techniques (674822102) / SudocSudocFranceF

Nobel laurates and the role of the industry in the emergence of new scientific breakthroughs

International audienceSince the 1980s, many companies recognized for their major scientific breakthroughs (e.g., IBM, AT&T, etc.), cut their investments in fundamental research activities. In parallel, academics from public research organizations (PRO) and universities engaged more extensively with the industry through research collaborations. The conditions, determinants, and effects of academic engagement have been deeply analyzed. But, the extent to which major scientific breakthroughs of the last century have emerged either from (1) academics and researchers with no interaction with the industry or (2) from scientists interacting with the industry-either as engaged academics belonging to PRO or universities or as corporate scientistsare yet to be more systematically documented. To fill this gap, we explored the extent to which scientists from the quasi-complete cohort of Nobel laureates in Physics, Medicine, and Chemistry were interacting with the industry before their breakthrough discoveries. We designed a unique dataset of their ties with the industry based on affiliations review of 84,423 academic papers and applicant review of 5,207 patent families. First, we showed that one-fifth of the studied cohort of laureates was interacting with the industry before their breakthrough discovery. More importantly, this share is still increasing, mainly through academic engagement, while the share of awarded corporate scientists has remained stable since 1970. Second, we were able to analyze the effects of those interactions with the industry on the post-discovery period by comparing interacting and noninteracting with industry laureates' follow-on research works. While some scientific discoveries were partly made possible thanks to Nobel laureates' industrial partners, those laureates' follow-on knowledge works were not bound to their initial sets of partners. They experienced similar knowledge diffusion-to-industry rates than other laureates but higher academic production rates and diffusion-to-academia rates. Finally, we claim that the extent to which scientific new knowledge still emerges in relation to industrial contexts in modern science has been underevaluated and opens rooms for further research

Mécanismes de découvertes – inventions dans la recherche industrielle : aux origines de CRISPR-Cas9 dans l’industrie agroalimentaire

International audienc

Impact of knowledge search practices on the originality of inventions: A study in the oil & gas industry through dynamic patent analysis

International audienc