9 research outputs found

    Neutral Community Ecology : inferring model parameters from species composition data with reference to tropical forests

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    La comprĂ©hension de la dynamique des forĂȘts tropicales hyperdiverses a toujours Ă©tĂ© un dĂ©fi en Ă©cologie. Historiquement les modĂšles se basant sur le concept de la niche ou la courbe logistique ont montrĂ© leurs limites lorsqu'il s'agissait d'expliquer la diversitĂ© d'espĂšces en forĂȘt tropicale. L'arrivĂ©e des modĂšles neutres en Ă©cologie a permis d'exprimer dans un cadre mathĂ©matique l'Ă©chantillonnage des forĂȘts tropicales, ouvrant de nouvelles perspectives. Ces modĂšles, trĂšs rĂ©duits en nombre de paramĂštres, ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©s depuis la gĂ©nĂ©tique des populations. Encore peu explorĂ©s, ces modĂšles considĂšrent les espĂšces comme Ă©tant fonctionnellement Ă©quivalentes entre elles. Pour commencer, nous rĂ©examinerons les avancĂ©es rĂ©centes dans ce domaine extrĂȘmement actif, pour discuter ensuite du dĂ©veloppement futur de ces modĂšles. Dans un second temps, nous analyserons l'infĂ©rence des paramĂštres neutres, afin d'Ă©tablir ce lien important entre modĂšles thĂ©oriques et donnĂ©es du terrain. De plus, nous introduirons un nouvel estimateur du paramĂštre dĂ©crivant la richesse d'espĂšces rencontrĂ©es dans ces forĂȘts. Ces rĂ©sultats seront mis en perspective par l'utilisation des donnĂ©es de terrain provenant des forĂȘts sempervirentes des GhĂąts Occidentaux d'Inde ainsi que des forĂȘts humides autour du Canal du Panama. Nous testerons Ă©galement ces approches sur des simulations variĂ©es. Finalement, nous essayerons d'Ă©valuer la pertinence des estimations du paramĂštre de migration en les comparant avec les distances de dispersion des graines observĂ©es en forĂȘt tropicale.Understanding the dynamics of highly diverse communities such as tropical forests has always been a challenging task in ecology. Historically, simplified logistic models and complex niche theories have had a limited success in explaining the species diversity and composition in a tropical context. With the advent of neutral models, we have an original quantitative framework in terms of a sampling theory which opens new perspectives in the field of tropical community ecology. These parsimonious models originally developed from existing theories in population genetics, have a highly selective interpretation of niche theory defined as the functional equivalence of species which has been insufficiently explored. To begin with, we review recent advances of this extremely active field and provide insights into future developments of this theory. Further on, we provide a detailed account of parameter inference which is the crucial link between theoret ical models and field data. In addition, we improve on existing approaches by introducing a novel estimator for the parameter explaining the species richness found in these forests. These results are put into perspective by using field data from the wet evergreen forests of the Western Ghats region of India and the tropical rain forests around the Panama Canal Watershed. Our results are also rigorously tested using simulations of neutral community composition. Lastly, we provide insights into whether parameter inferences dealing with immigration correspond to the seed dispersal distances typically found in tropical forests

    Calcul de la vraisemblance et inférence des paramÚtres démographiques et mutationnels à partir de la variation génétique des populations

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    International audienceLikelihood methods are being developed for inference of migration rates and past demographic changes from population genetic data. We survey an approach for such inference using sequential importance sampling techniques derived from coalescent and diffusion theory. The consistent application and assessment of this approach has required the re-implementation of methods often considered in the context of computer experiments methods, in particular of Kriging which is used as a smoothing technique to infer a likelihood surface from likelihoods estimated in various parameter points, as well as reconsideration of methods for sampling the parameter space appropriately for such inference. We illustrate the performance and application of the whole tool chain on simulated and actual data, and highlight desirable developments in terms of data types and biological scenarios.Diverses approches ont été développées pour l'inférence des taux de migration et des changements démo-graphiques passés à partir de la variation génétique des populations. Nous décrivons une de ces approches utilisant des techniques d'échantillonnage pondéré séquentiel, fondées sur la modélisation par approches de coalescence et de diffusion de l'évolution de ces polymorphismes. L'application et l'évaluation systématique de cette approche ont requis la ré-implémentation de méthodes souvent considérées pour l'analyse de fonctions simulées, en particulier le krigeage, ici utilisé pour inférer une surface de vraisemblance à partir de vraisemblances estimées en différents points de l'espace des paramÚtres, ainsi que des techniques d'échantillonage de ces points. Nous illustrons la performance et l'application de cette série de méthodes sur données simulées et réelles, et indiquons les améliorations souhaitables en termes de types de données et de scénarios biologiques

    Neutral Community Ecology (inferring model parameters from species composition data with reference to tropical forests)

    No full text
    La comprĂ©hension de la dynamique des forĂȘts tropicales hyperdiverses a toujours Ă©tĂ© un dĂ©fi en Ă©cologie. Historiquement les modĂšles se basant sur le concept de la niche ou la courbe logistique ont montrĂ© leurs limites lorsqu'il s'agissait d'expliquer la diversitĂ© d'espĂšces en forĂȘt tropicale. L'arrivĂ©e des modĂšles neutres en Ă©cologie a permis d'exprimer dans un cadre mathĂ©matique l'Ă©chantillonnage des forĂȘts tropicales, ouvrant de nouvelles perspectives. Ces modĂšles, trĂšs rĂ©duits en nombre de paramĂštres, ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©s depuis la gĂ©nĂ©tique des populations. Encore peu explorĂ©s, ces modĂšles considĂšrent les espĂšces comme Ă©tant fonctionnellement Ă©quivalentes entre elles. Pour commencer, nous rĂ©examinerons les avancĂ©es rĂ©centes dans ce domaine extrĂȘmement actif, pour discuter ensuite du dĂ©veloppement futur de ces modĂšles. Dans un second temps, nous analyserons l'infĂ©rence des paramĂštres neutres, afin d'Ă©tablir ce lien important entre modĂšles thĂ©oriques et donnĂ©es du terrain. De plus, nous introduirons un nouvel estimateur du paramĂštre dĂ©crivant la richesse d'espĂšces rencontrĂ©es dans ces forĂȘts. Ces rĂ©sultats seront mis en perspective par l'utilisation des donnĂ©es de terrain provenant des forĂȘts sempervirentes des GhĂąts Occidentaux d'Inde ainsi que des forĂȘts humides autour du Canal du Panama. Nous testerons Ă©galement ces approches sur des simulations variĂ©es. Finalement, nous essayerons d'Ă©valuer la pertinence des estimations du paramĂštre de migration en les comparant avec les distances de dispersion des graines observĂ©es en forĂȘt tropicale.Understanding the dynamics of highly diverse communities such as tropical forests has always been a challenging task in ecology. Historically, simplified logistic models and complex niche theories have had a limited success in explaining the species diversity and composition in a tropical context. With the advent of neutral models, we have an original quantitative framework in terms of a sampling theory which opens new perspectives in the field of tropical community ecology. These parsimonious models originally developed from existing theories in population genetics, have a highly selective interpretation of niche theory defined as the functional equivalence of species which has been insufficiently explored. To begin with, we review recent advances of this extremely active field and provide insights into future developments of this theory. Further on, we provide a detailed account of parameter inference which is the crucial link between theoret ical models and field data. In addition, we improve on existing approaches by introducing a novel estimator for the parameter explaining the species richness found in these forests. These results are put into perspective by using field data from the wet evergreen forests of the Western Ghats region of India and the tropical rain forests around the Panama Canal Watershed. Our results are also rigorously tested using simulations of neutral community composition. Lastly, we provide insights into whether parameter inferences dealing with immigration correspond to the seed dispersal distances typically found in tropical forests.MONTPELLIER-BU Sciences (341722106) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Dispersal is a major driver of the latitudinal diversity gradient of Carnivora

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    International audienceAim Understanding the relative contribution of diversification rates (speciation and extinction) and dispersal in the formation of the latitudinal diversity gradient - the decrease in species richness with increasing latitude - is a main goal of biogeography. The mammalian order Carnivora, which comprises 286 species, displays the traditional latitudinal diversity gradient seen in almost all mammalian orders. Yet the processes driving high species richness in the tropics may be fundamentally different in this group from that in other mammalian groups. Indeed, a recent study suggested that in Carnivora, unlike in all other major mammalian orders, net diversification rates are not higher in the tropics than in temperate regions. Our goal was thus to understand the reasons why there are more species of Carnivora in the tropics. Location World-wide. Methods We reconstructed the biogeographical history of Carnivora using a time-calibrated phylogeny of the clade comprising all terrestrial species and dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis models. We also analysed a fossil dataset of carnivoran genera to examine how the latitudinal distribution of Carnivora varied through time. Results Our biogeographical analyses suggest that Carnivora originated in the East Palaearctic (i.e. Central Asia, China) in the early Palaeogene. Multiple independent lineages dispersed to low latitudes following three main paths: toward Africa, toward India/Southeast Asia and toward South America via the Bering Strait. These dispersal events were probably associated with local extinctions at high latitudes. Fossil data corroborate a high-latitude origin of the group, followed by late dispersal events toward lower latitudes in the Neogene. Main conclusions Unlike most other mammalian orders, which originated and diversified at low latitudes and dispersed out of the tropics', Carnivora originated at high latitudes, and subsequently dispersed southward. Our study provides an example of combining phylogenetic and fossil data to understand the generation and maintenance of global-scale geographical variations in species richness
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