Coastal climate change adaptation in existing urban areas, lessons learned from dutch and norwegian pilots

Climate change is expected to have a large impact on coastal cities all around the world. Due to the expected sea level rise for coastal regions new flood defense policies are developed, with emphasis on risk assessment and a multifunctional approach to strengthening existing coastal defenses. Most climate adaptation programs in cities focus on technical measures with little international knowledge exchange of the best management practices and governance. In this article the best management practices of two coastal cities both named ‘Bergen’ is discussed

Wampar–English Dictionary with an English–Wampar finder list

This ethnographic dictionary is the result of Hans Fischer's long-term fieldwork among the Wampar, who occupy the middle Markham Valley in Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea (PNG). Their language, Dzob Wampar, belongs to the Markham family of the Austronesian languages. Today most Wampar speak not only Wampar but also PNG’s lingua franca, Tok Pisin. Six decades of Wampar research has documented the extent and speed of change in the region. Today, mining, migration and the commodification of land are accelerating the pace of change in Wampar communities, resulting in great individual differences in knowledge of the vernacular. This dictionary covers largely forgotten Wampar expressions as well as loanwords from German and Jabêm that have become part of everyday language. Most entries contain example sentences from original Wampar texts. The dictionary is complemented by an overview of ethnographic research among Wampar, a sketch of Wampar grammar, a bibliography and an English-to-Wampar finder list

Heat transfer in an axially rotating pipe in the thermal entrance region. Part 2, Effect of rotation on laminar pipe flow

Der Einfluß der Rotation auf das Temperaturprofil und die Wärmeübergangszahl einer laminaren Rohrströmung im Bereich des thermischen Einlaufs wird theoretisch untersucht. Es wird angenommen, daß das Geschwindigkeitsprofil voll ausgebildet ist. Die Rotation hat einen destabilisierenden Einfluß auf die Laminarströmung, die umschlägt und turbulent wird. Aufgrund der Anfachung der Turbulenz durch die Rotation verbessert sich die Wärmeübertragung mit steigender Rotations-Reynoldszahl und die thermische Einlauflänge nimmt beträchtlich ab.The effects of tube rotation on the temperature distribution and the heat transfer to a fluid flowing inside a tube are examined by analysis in the thermal entrance region. The flow is assumed to be hydrodynamically fully developed. The rotation has a destabilizing effect on the laminar pipe flow, causing a transition to turbulent flow. Therefore, a remarkable increase in heat transfer with increasing rotational Reynolds number can be observed. The thermal entrance length decreases remarkably with growing rotational Reynolds number

A theoretical and experimental investigation of smooth- and wavy ice layers in laminar and turbulent flow inside an asymmetrically cooled parallel-plate channel

The present paper shows the adaption of the numerical model originally developed by Weigand and Beer [14] for calculating steady-state ice layers inside an asymmetrically cooled parallel-plate channel. The investigation shows the characteristics in ice formation behaviour due to asymmetrically cooled walls. Further, a simple analytical model is presented for calculating smooth ice layers in turbulent flow. The study is supported by own measurements of the freezing fronts inside an asymmetrically cooled channel. A comparison between theoretical calculations and measurements shows generally good agreement.Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die Anwendung des von Weigand und Beer [14] entwickelten, numerischen Modells zur Vorhersage von Eisschichten in einem ebenen, asymmetrisch gekühlten Kanal. Die Studie befaßt sich mit den Unterschieden in der Eisschichtbildung aufgrund der asymmetrisch gekühlten Kanalwände. Weiterhin wird ein einfaches Verfahren angegeben, mit dem sich die Gestalt von glatten Eisschichten bei turbulenter Strömung und asymmetrischer Kühlung sehr einfach berechnen läßt. Die analytisch und numerisch gewonnenen Resultate werden anschließend mit eigenen Messungen von Eisschichten verglichen, wobei eine im allgemeinen gute Übereinstimmung zwischen Theorie und Experiment zu beobachten ist

Heat transfer in an axially rotating pipe in the thermal entrance region. Part 1, Effect of rotation on turbulent pipe flow

Der Einfluß der Rotation auf das Temperaturprofil und die Wärmeübergangszahl einer turbulenten Rohrströmung im Bereich des thermischen Einlaufs wird theoretisch untersucht und mit Meßwerten verglichen. Es wird angenommen, daß das Geschwindigkeitsprofil voll ausgebildet ist. Die Rotation hat aufgrund der radial ansteigenden Zentrifugalkräfte einen ausgeprägten Einfluß auf die Unterdrückung der turbulenten Bewegung. Dadurch verschlechtert sich die Wärmeübertragung mit steigender Rotations-Reynoldszahl und die thermische Einlauflänge nimmt beträchtlich zu.The effects of rotation on the temperature distribution and the heat transfer to a fluid flowing inside a tube are examined by analysis in the thermal entrance region. The theoretical results are compared with experimental findings. The flow is assumed to have a fully developed velocity profile. Rotation was found to have a very marked influence on the suppression of the turbulent motion because of radially growing centrifugal forces. Therefore, a remarkable decrease in heat transfer with increasing rotational Reynolds number can be observed. The thermal entrance length increases remarkably with growing rotational Reynolds number

Fluid flow and heat transfer in an axially rotating pipe subjected to external convection

The effects of external insulation and tube rotation on the heat transfer to a fluid flowing inside a tube are examined by analysis. The turbulent flow is assumed to be hydrodynamically fully developed. Heat transfer was found to be strongly suppressed by tube rotation. It is shown that the significance of external insulation on the Nusselt number increases with growing rotation rate of the pipe.Der Einfluß des äußeren Wärmeübergangs und der Rotation auf die Wärmeübertragung in einer turbulenten Rohrströmung im Bereich des thermischen Einlaufs wird theoretisch untersucht. Es wird angenommen, daß das Geschwindigkeitsprofil voll ausgebildet ist. Die Rotation hat aufgrund der radial ansteigenden Zentrifugalkräfte einen ausgeprägten Einfluß auf die Unterdrückung der turbulenten Bewegung. Dadurch verschlechtert sich die Wärmeübertragung mit steigender Rotations-Reynoldszahl. Weiterhin zeigt sich, daß der Einfluß der äußeren Isolation auf die Nusseltzahl mit steigender Rohrrotation zunimmt

A numerical and experimental study of wavy ice-structure in an asymmetrically cooled parallel-plate channel

Ice formation of flowing water in a pipe or a channel, whose wall is kept at a uniform temperature below the freezing temperature of the water, is a basic engineering problem. It Introduces many practical problems, such as pressure drop, diminution of flow rate and sometime, breakage of the pipe as a result of flow blockage by ice. The phenomenon of freezing of flowing water involves interactions between the turbulent flow, the shape of the ice layer and the heat transfer at the ice-water interface. Under certain conditions these interactions result in an instabilily of the ice layer. This instability is caused by the strong laminarization of the turbulent flow due to converging ice layers in the entrance region of the cooled channel and results in a wavy ice structure. Wavy ice layers with one wave, occuring in a parallel.plate channel subjected to symmetrically oooled walls were investigated experimentally by Seld et al. and by Weigand and Beer. More recently Weigand and Beer were able to predict numerically the shape of wavy ice layers with one wave occuring in a symmetrically cooled channel. Wavy ice layers in a parallel-plate channel with one wave in the case of asymmetrically cooled walls were investigated experimentally by Tago et al. and by Weigand and Beer. No numerical calculation of asymmetric wavy freezing fronts was done in the past. Therefore, the subject of this paper is the presentation of a numerical model for calculating steady state ice layers with one wave in the entrance region of an asymmetric cooled channel. The method is based on a work performed by Weigand and Beer. The given numerical study is supported by a detailed experimental investigation

Wampar–English Dictionary with an English–Wampar finder list

This ethnographic dictionary is the result of Hans Fischer's long-term fieldwork among the Wampar, who occupy the middle Markham Valley in Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea (PNG). Their language, Dzob Wampar, belongs to the Markham family of the Austronesian languages. Today most Wampar speak not only Wampar but also PNG’s lingua franca, Tok Pisin. Six decades of Wampar research has documented the extent and speed of change in the region. Today, mining, migration and the commodification of land are accelerating the pace of change in Wampar communities, resulting in great individual differences in knowledge of the vernacular. This dictionary covers largely forgotten Wampar expressions as well as loanwords from German and Jabêm that have become part of everyday language. Most entries contain example sentences from original Wampar texts. The dictionary is complemented by an overview of ethnographic research among Wampar, a sketch of Wampar grammar, a bibliography and an English-to-Wampar finder list

Ice-formation phenomena for water flow inside a cooled parallel plate channel : an experimental and theoretical investigation of wavy ice layers

A numerical model is developed for predicting steady-state ice formation inside a cooled two-dimensional channel. The study takes into account the strong interactions existing between the turbulent flow, the shape of the ice and the heat transfer at the ice-water interface which lead to the formation of wavy ice layers with one wave. The presented analysis is found to be able to predict realistic variations of the ice layer thickness for a wide range of Reynolds numbers and cooling parameters. The numerical results were verified by comparing the predicted ice layers with measurements and generally good agreement was found