Genotypic variation in climbing ability traits in a common bean RIL population

Climbing beans are vines that can be grown in either monoculture using wooden or bamboo trellises or in intercropping with other support crops such as maize, but in either case an important characteristic of climbing beans is their vegetative vigor and climbing ability. A range of climbing bean architecture exists; some are extremely vigorous producing more biomass at the top of the plant (type IVb), while others distribute biomass more uniformly across their the length of their vines (type IVa). Different types are selected by farmers in given situations, depending on climate, cropping system, harvesting method and growing period. Few studies have analyzed the inheritance of climbing ability in common bean or analyzed the interaction of this trait with soil fertility levels. Information about climbing ability and its component traits could be used by plant breeders to develop climbing bean ideotypes for different production systems. Therefore one of our research objectives has been to develop methods to analyze climbing bean growth and apply these to genetic mapping populations. In this research we analyzed a population of recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross of a climbing bean, G2333, by a bush bean, G19839, grown under high and low phosphorus treatments, for traits involved with climbing ability

Wound care in the geriatric client

With our aging population, chronic diseases that compromise skin integrity such as diabetes, peripheral vascular disease (venous hypertension, arterial insufficiency) are becoming increasingly common. Skin breakdown with ulcer and chronic wound formation is a frequent consequence of these diseases. Types of ulcers include pressure ulcers, vascular ulcers (arterial and venous hypertension), and neuropathic ulcers. Treatment of these ulcers involves recognizing the four stages of healing: coagulation, inflammation, proliferation, and maturation. Chronic wounds are frequently stalled in the inflammatory stage. Moving past the inflammation stage requires considering the bacterial burden, necrotic tissue, and moisture balance of the wound being treated. Bacterial overgrowth or infection needs to be treated with topical or systemic agents. In most cases, necrotic tissue needs to be debrided and moisture balance needs to be addressed by wetting dry tissue and drying wet tissue. Special dressings have been developed to accomplish these tasks. They include films, hydrocolloids, hydrogel dressings, foams, hydrofibers, composite and alginate dressings

Taller Internacional sobre Apion y Mustia Hilachoza en Guatemala y Costa Rica

Con el fin de estimular la transferencia horizontal, tanto de conocimientos como de materiales mejorados en el área centroamericana, se programó un Taller de Campo Internacional para Apion y para Mustia en Guatemala y Costa Rica, la semana del 13 al 16 de Noviembre de 1983. Estos talleres permitieron una mejor coordinación de estas actividades en la región así como la preparación y distribución de los Viveros Internacionales. Uno de los mayores problemas en la evaluación a nivel internacional de los materiales integrantes de un vivero, es las diferencias subjetivas en la interpretación de las escalas de evaluación, lo que hace que los resultados no sean comparables de un sitio a otro, y, por lo tanto no confiables. Los talleres de Campo permiten la estandarización de las escalas, lo cual, aumenta la eficiencia en la evaluación e interpretación de los resultados a nivel internacional. Creemos que se cumplió efectivamente durante estas giras de trabajo, los objetivos propuestos, y contribuirán decididamente a un mejoramiento rápido en los varios métodos de control necesarios para la lucha con el Apion spp, y, la Mustia Hilachosa, lo cual redundará en la obtención de una mayor productividad y producción de frijol en Centro América.Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT)Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Agrícolas (ICTA)Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería (MAG)Programa Cooperativo Regional de Frijol para Centroamérica, México y el Caribe (PROFRIJOL)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Estación Experimental Agrícola Fabio Baudrit Moreno (EEAFBM

Interacción entre genotipos de frijol y aislamiento de Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. heredabilidad de la resistencia a la mustia hilachosa Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) (Donk) en cuItivares y poblaciones F, y F2 de frijol común Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Se inocularon genotipos mesoamericanos y andinos de frijol común con micelio de Thanalephorus cucumeris (Frank), Donk, con el objeto de determinar: l. La interacción entre diferentes aislamientos de Rhizoclonia solani, Kuhn y genotipos de frijol de dos acervos genéticos diferentes; 2. La heredabilidad de la resistencia a la mustia hilachosa; 3. La complementación génica que existe entre el acervo mesoamericano y andino respectivamente. Los resultados encontrados enel presente estudio fueron los siguientes: Las cepas varían dependiendo de su lugar de origen. Así las cepas de Colombia y República Dominicana causan el menor daño a las plantas de frijol, el aislamiento Panamá #1 es moderadamente lento y los de Panamá #2 y Costa Rica son los que mayor daño cau-san a este cultivo. La cepa RS-32-Cr resultó ser la más virulenta de todas. La heredabilidad mostrada por los cruzamientos fue alta, lo que nos indica que si existe complementación génica entre el acervo mesoamericano y andino respectivamente. El cruzamiento AFR-251 x BAT-1155, en forma directa y recíproca, mostraron diferencias tanto en la F1 como en la F2 lo que nos indica que la resistencia a la enfermedad está controlada tanto por gcnes del citoplasma corno por genes del núcleo. El tipo de resistencia que mostraron los diferentes cruzamientos evaluados fue el de resistencia horizontal y no el de resistencia vertical

Differential effects of dietary supplements on metabolomic profile of smokers versus non-smokers.

BackgroundCigarette smoking is well-known to associate with accelerated skin aging as well as cardiovascular disease and lung cancer, in large part due to oxidative stress. Because metabolites are downstream of genetic variation, as well as transcriptional changes and post-translational modifications of proteins, they are the most proximal reporters of disease states or reversal of disease states.MethodsIn this study, we explore the potential effects of commonly available oral supplements (containing antioxidants, vitamins and omega-3 fatty acids) on the metabolomes of smokers (n = 11) compared to non-smokers (n = 17). At baseline and after 12 weeks of supplementation, metabolomic analysis was performed on serum by liquid and gas chromatography with mass spectroscopy (LC-MS and GC-MS). Furthermore, clinical parameters of skin aging, including cutometry as assessed by three dermatologist raters blinded to subjects' age and smoking status, were measured.ResultsLong-chain fatty acids, including palmitate and oleate, decreased in smokers by 0.76-fold (P = 0.0045) and 0.72-fold (P = 0.0112), respectively. These changes were not observed in non-smokers. Furthermore, age and smoking status showed increased glow (P = 0.004) and a decrease in fine wrinkling (P = 0.038). Cutometry showed an increase in skin elasticity in smokers (P = 0.049) but not in non-smokers. Complexion analysis software (VISIA) revealed decreases in the number of ultraviolet spots (P = 0.031), and cutometry showed increased elasticity (P = 0.05) in smokers but not non-smokers.ConclusionsAdditional future work may shed light on the specific mechanisms by which long-chain fatty acids can lead to increased glow, improved elasticity measures and decreased fine wrinkling in smokers' skin. Our study provides a novel, medicine-focused application of available metabolomic technology to identify changes in sera of human subjects with oxidative stress, and suggests that oral supplementation (in particular, commonly available antioxidants, vitamins and omega-3 fatty acids) affects these individuals in a way that is unique (compared to non-smokers) on a broad level

Target population of environments for bean breeding in Africa

The target population of environments (TPE) approach aims at enhancing the effectiveness of crop improvement programs to achieve yield and/or genetic gains by helping to classify and prioritize regions based on stress patterns (frequency, onset, intensity and duration) and uses it to recommend improvement in the selection strategy. The beangrowing environments in Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Uganda can be categorized into six different environmental groups (EGs) on the basis of seasonal variation of drought stress under historical and future climates projected using crop-climate prediction models (Jha et al, under review). This brief is based on the results from that study

Characterizing patterns of seasonal drought stress for use in common bean breeding in East Africa under present and future climates

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the second most important source of dietary protein and the third most important source of calories in Africa, especially for the poor. In East Africa, drought is an important constraint to bean production. Therefore, breeding programs in East Africa have been trying to develop drought resistant varieties of common bean. To do this, breeders need information about seasonal drought stress patterns including their onset, intensity, and duration in the target area of the breeding program, so that they can mimic this pattern during field trials. Using the Decision Support for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) v4.7 model together with historical and future (Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project 6, CMIP6) climate data, this study categorized Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Uganda into different target population of environments (TPEs) based on historical and future seasonal drought stress patterns. We find that stress-free conditions generally dominate across the three countries under historical conditions (50–80% frequency). These conditions are projected to increase in frequency in Ethiopia by 2–10% but the converse is true for Tanzania (2–8% reduction) and Uganda (17–20% reduction) by 2050 depending on the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP). Accordingly, by 2050, terminal drought stresses of various intensities (moderate, severe, extreme) are prevalent in 34% of Uganda, around a quarter of Ethiopia, and 40% of the bean growing environments in Tanzania. The TPEs identified in each country serve as a basis for prioritizing breeding activities in national programs. However, to optimize resource use in international breeding programs to develop genotypes that are resilient to future projected stress patterns, we argue that common bean breeding programs should focus primarily on identifying genotypes with tolerance to severe terminal drought, with co-benefits in relation to adaptation to moderate and extreme terminal drought. Little to no emphasis on heat stress is warranted by 2050s

Modelación del frijol en Latinoamérica: Estado del arte y base de datos para parametrización

Frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) es la leguminosa de grano para consumo humano de mayor producción en el mundo, y es nativo de las Américas, donde juega un papel importante en la dieta. Los ambientes donde se cultiva el frijol varían desde zonas tropicales hasta alta montaña, con diversos hábitos de crecimiento (arbustivo determinado, arbustivo indeterminado, y voluble), y en sistemas de producción desde los tradicionales hasta los altamente tecnificados. Los esfuerzos en modelaje, por tanto, deben empezar desde identificar el tipo de frijol y el sistema objetivo. El frijol es muy sensible al estrés abiótico, hecho que ha animado el modelaje de su posible respuesta bajo escenarios de cambio climático. Se llevó a cabo una revisión de literatura para identificar quince ejercicios de modelaje ejecutados en América Latina, abarcando estudios de crecimiento (tazas de producción de nudos y área foliar), fenología, y de rendimiento. Los modelos empleados en dichos estudios incluyen EcoCrop, CROPGRO-DRYBEAN (implementado en la plataforma DSSAT), y en un caso cada uno, Maxent y CLIMEX. Se describen cuatro estudios en detalle: en los dos países de mayor producción en el mundo (Brasil y México), y en Centroamérica como región altamente vulnerable al cambio climático. Estos estudios concuerdan que la productividad del frijol podría sufrir serios efectos negativos en el transcurso del Siglo XXI a raíz del cambio climático. Finalmente, se informa sobre un ejercicio reciente de recopilar datos históricos de ensayos de frijol en Latinoamérica para alimentar futuros esfuerzos de modelaje. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the grain legume of greatest volume of production for direct human consumption, and is native to the Americas where it plays an important role in the diet of consumers. Bean is cultivated in environments from lowland tropical areas to high mountainous zones; with growth habits ranging from determinate bush, to indeterminate bush, to climbing types; and in production systems varying from traditional low input agriculture to highly technified systems. As such, efforts at modelling should focus on a specific plant type and production system. Bean is very sensitive to abiotic stress, a fact that has motivated modelling of its response in light of the dangers of climate change. A review of literature was carried out revealing fifteen studies in Latin America considering different aspects of plant growth (rates of node and leaf area production), phenology, and yield. Models employed include EcoCrop, CROPGRO (a module within the DSSAT cropping system model), and in one instance each, Maxent and CLIMEX. Three studies in particular are detailed: in the two countries of greatest production in the world (Brazil and Mexico), and one study in Central America as a region under direct threat of climate change. These three studies confirm that bean productivity will likely suffer severe negative effects in the course of the 21st century, as a result of climate change. A recent effort has compiled data from historical yield trials in Latin America as a resource for future modelling efforts.JRC.D.5-Food Securit

Large genomic introgression blocks of Phaseolus parvifolius Freytag bean into the common bean enhance the crossability between tepary and common beans

The production of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), one of the most important sources of protein and minerals and one of the most consumed grain legumes globally, is highly affected by heat and drought constraints. In contrast, the tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray), a common bean-related species, is adapted to hot and dry climates. Hybridization to introduce complex traits from the tepary bean into the common bean has been challenging, as embryo rescue is required. In this study, we report three novel interspecific lines that were obtained by crossing lines from prior common bean tepary bean hybridization with Phaseolus parvifolius Frey tag in order to increase the male gametic diversity to facilitate interspecific crosses. These interspecific lines enhanced the crossability of the common bean and tepary bean species while avoiding the embryo rescue process. Crossing these three interspecific lines with tepary beans resulted in 12-fold more hybrid plants than crossing traditional common beans with tepary beans. Whole-genome sequencing analysis of these three interspecific lines shows large introgressions of genomic regions corresponding to P. parvifolius on chromosomes that presumably contribute to reproductive barriers between both species. The development of these lines opens up the possibility of increasing the introgression of desirable tepary bean traits into the common bean to address constraints driven by climate change