TEMPERATURA POR INFRAVERMELHO DO ESCROTO E QUADRO SEMINAL EM TOUROS ADULTOS JOVENS E ADULTOS MADUROS DA RAÇA NELORE

Objetivou-se estudar a termorregulação testicular com a termografia por infravermelho e as características do sêmen em touros adultos jovens e adultos maduros da raça Nelore, criados extensivamente. Foram utilizados 80 touros Nelore, divididos em dois grupos: adultos jovens G1 (n=38), idade entre 24 e 48 meses; e adultos maduros G2 (n=42), idade entre 72 e 108 meses. As temperaturas da superfície do escroto foram mensuradas com termografia por infravermelho e após, realizou-se a colheita de sêmen por eletroejaculação. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) entre os grupos G1 e G2, para as temperaturas da bolsa escrotal, mas houve diferença (

Use of infrared thermography to evaluate the influence of the of Climatic Factors in the Reproduction and Lactation of Dairy Cattle

Background: The digital infrared imaging thermography is a non-invasive imaging exam of easy performance accurately to measure temperatures of the areas of the animals body. The objective was to study the physiological variations of the surface temperature of the mammary gland, vulva, pelvis, thorax and abdomen with digital infrared imaging thermography in negative dairy cattle with California mastitis test (CMT) in different seasons, and the influence of climatic factors in these temperatures.Materials, Methods & Results: Eighteen Holstein cows, pregnant and non pregnant were used, negative for the California Mastitis Test, grazing on Urochloa decumbens pasture, receiving 2 kg of corn / animal / day, mineral mix and ad libitum water. Infrared thermography was performed every 30 days, for five months: January, February, March, April and May with thermographic camera (E40®, FLIR, Sweden) in the areas of the body: vulva, mammary gland, pelvis, abdomen and thorax. The thermal images (thermograms) were processed using the Flir Tools 2.1® program. The climatic factors: room temperature and relative humidity were monitored with globe thermometer (ITitwtg 2000®, Instrutemp, Brazil). Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and the average compared by Tukey test, with level of significance was set at (P < 0.05). For room temperature data, relative humidity, rectal temperature and for the areas of the body we used Pearson correlation (P < 0.05). For climatic factors, among the samples, room temperature and relative humidity, there was a significant difference (P < 0.05). To the skin surface temperatures of the body areas examined: vulva, pelvis, ischium, abdomen, thorax and mammary gland, among the samples, there were differences (P < 0.05) with lower temperatures of the areas in March and May samples, compared to the months of January, February and April. The average temperatures of the surfaces of the examined areas vary for the vulva between 33°C and 38°C; ischium, pelvis and abdomen between 30°C and 37°C; teats between 28°C and 37°C; Cistern of mammary quarter between 32°C and 38°C; and thorax from 31°C to 37°C. There were significant correlations between: rectal temperature x room temperature (r= 0.49; P < 0.01); Rectal temperature x relative humidity (r= -0.37; P < 0.01). To the surface temperatures of all areas of the body examined, there were significant correlations with the room temperature between (r= 0.73 and r= 0.85; P < 0.01); and between (r= - 0.57 and r= - 0.75; P < 0.05) for the relative humidity.Discussion: The animals showed no behavioral change during the thermography examination. In dairy cattle it is recommended the use of infrared thermography as a routine test to measure the temperatures of the areas of the body. Climatic factors, room temperature and relative humidity influence the rectal temperatures and the body surfaces of the cows. The areas of the body examined by infrared thermography showed different temperatures, in the same data collection, showing physiological temperature variations that assist in the clinical evaluation of each of the areas examined. The thermographic images were saved and processed easily, quickly and in a practical way, recommending the use of thermal imaging by infrared for routine as imaging test complementary to the clinical examination of the mammary gland and of the body areas in dairy cattle

Ação imunomoduladora da vitamina E na imunidade sistêmica e da glândula mamária de bovinos leiteiros alimentados com silagem

Regions such as southern Brazil live with drastic weather changes between winter and summer, resulting in direct disorders in the pasture, avoiding gradual change between grasses, creating periods of forage empty, a fact that diminishes the supply of forage, as well as its nutritional value. In these moments it becomes common to supplementation with intensive foods preserved as silage, a process that can reduce up to 50% levels of vitamin E from food, nutrient integrate cellular antioxidant system, responsible for the reduction of oxidative stress and immune function such phagocytosis, chemotaxis and oxidative metabolism in ruminants.Thus, the present study sought to measure the immunomodulatory activity of vitamin E in dairy cows in the middle of the stage of lactation, supplemented with corn silage and maintained on transition pasture not fertilized. We conducted assessments of hemogram, blood neutrophil function and cellularity of mammary glands before and after application of two parenteral doses of alpha tocopherol. It was observed in the treated group a significant increase for the series variable red blood, and to blood leukocytes mainly by an increase in neutrophils. In milk, there was increased cellularity, mainly by mononuclear elevation. As there was an increase of neutrophils positive to NBT test, it is believed that alpha tocopherol reduced cellular oxidative stress, enhancing phagocytosis and respiratory burst of neutrophils and decreased lipoperoxidation of cell membranes increases the halfspan of blood cells and milk.Regiões como o sul do Brasil convivem com mudanças meteorológicas drásticas entre inverno e verão, redundando em transtornos diretos na pastagem, impedindo mudança gradativa entre gramíneas, gerando períodos de vazio forrageiros, fato que diminui a oferta de forragem, bem como seu o valor nutricional. Nestes momentos torna-se comum a suplementação intensiva com alimentos conservados na forma de silagem, processo que pode reduzir em até 50% os teores de vitamina E do alimento, nutriente integrante do sistema antioxidante celular, responsável pela diminuição do estresse oxidativo e funções imunológicas como fagocitose, quimiotaxia e metabolismo oxidativo nos ruminantes. Assim, o presente estudo procurou mensurar a atividade imunomoduladora da vitamina E em vacas leiteiras no meio do estagio da lactação, suplementadas com silagem de milho e mantidas em pasto de transição não adubado. Efetuou-se avaliações do hemograma, função neutrofílica sanguínea e celularidade das glândulas mamárias antes e após a aplicação de duas doses de alfa tocoferol parenteral. Observou-se no grupo tratado, aumento significativo para as variáveis da série vermelha do sangue, bem como para os leucócitos sanguíneos principalmente por aumento de neutrófilos. No leite, observou-se aumento da celularidade, principalmente por elevação de mononucleares.  Como verificou-se aumento de neutrófilos positivos ao teste de NBT, acredita-se que o alfa tocoferol reduziu o estresse oxidativo celular, aumentando a fagocitose e metabolismo oxidativo de neutrófilos, e diminuiu a lipoperoxidação das membranas celulares aumento da meia vida das células sanguíneas e lácetas

Use of infrared thermography to evaluate the influence of the of Climatic Factors in the Reproduction and Lactation of Dairy Cattle

Background: The digital infrared imaging thermography is a non-invasive imaging exam of easy performance accurately to measure temperatures of the areas of the animals body. The objective was to study the physiological variations of the surface temperature of the mammary gland, vulva, pelvis, thorax and abdomen with digital infrared imaging thermography in negative dairy cattle with California mastitis test (CMT) in different seasons, and the influence of climatic factors in these temperatures.Materials, Methods & Results: Eighteen Holstein cows, pregnant and non pregnant were used, negative for the California Mastitis Test, grazing on Urochloa decumbens pasture, receiving 2 kg of corn / animal / day, mineral mix and ad libitum water. Infrared thermography was performed every 30 days, for five months: January, February, March, April and May with thermographic camera (E40®, FLIR, Sweden) in the areas of the body: vulva, mammary gland, pelvis, abdomen and thorax. The thermal images (thermograms) were processed using the Flir Tools 2.1® program. The climatic factors: room temperature and relative humidity were monitored with globe thermometer (ITitwtg 2000®, Instrutemp, Brazil). Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and the average compared by Tukey test, with level of significance was set at (P < 0.05). For room temperature data, relative humidity, rectal temperature and for the areas of the body we used Pearson correlation (P < 0.05). For climatic factors, among the samples, room temperature and relative humidity, there was a significant difference (P < 0.05). To the skin surface temperatures of the body areas examined: vulva, pelvis, ischium, abdomen, thorax and mammary gland, among the samples, there were differences (P < 0.05) with lower temperatures of the areas in March and May samples, compared to the months of January, February and April. The average temperatures of the surfaces of the examined areas vary for the vulva between 33°C and 38°C; ischium, pelvis and abdomen between 30°C and 37°C; teats between 28°C and 37°C; Cistern of mammary quarter between 32°C and 38°C; and thorax from 31°C to 37°C. There were significant correlations between: rectal temperature x room temperature (r= 0.49; P < 0.01); Rectal temperature x relative humidity (r= -0.37; P < 0.01). To the surface temperatures of all areas of the body examined, there were significant correlations with the room temperature between (r= 0.73 and r= 0.85; P < 0.01); and between (r= - 0.57 and r= - 0.75; P < 0.05) for the relative humidity.Discussion: The animals showed no behavioral change during the thermography examination. In dairy cattle it is recommended the use of infrared thermography as a routine test to measure the temperatures of the areas of the body. Climatic factors, room temperature and relative humidity influence the rectal temperatures and the body surfaces of the cows. The areas of the body examined by infrared thermography showed different temperatures, in the same data collection, showing physiological temperature variations that assist in the clinical evaluation of each of the areas examined. The thermographic images were saved and processed easily, quickly and in a practical way, recommending the use of thermal imaging by infrared for routine as imaging test complementary to the clinical examination of the mammary gland and of the body areas in dairy cattle