English language textbook production in Cape Verde: Assets and obstacles

This study investigates if Cape Verde can be successful in the production of English language textbooks. It also will be looked at the main reasons why locally produced textbooks would be advantageous. The findings of the study reveal that the production of an English language textbook for Cape Verde is the best solution and that it can be successful. We also find out that Capeverdean English teachers have professional competence and pedagogical qualification to be engaged in this practice. However, significant assistance will be necessary for bringing experts to the country to supervise the process. It also will be necessary to find financial support to put it in practice

Educação em saúde para prevenção do câncer de mama no município de Piripiri-PI: atuação do pet-saúde

.Justificativa e Objetivos: O câncer de mama é uma afecção causada pela multiplicação anormal das células da mama. É possível diagnosticar precocemente por meio da realização de alguns exames principalmente do exame clínico das mamas, da mamografia, auto exame das mamas. A educação em saúde é um artifício que busca promover melhoria da atenção a saúde, estimulando a participação da população por meio de rodas de conversas, encontros, debates e palestras educativas. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar as ações de educação em Saúde realizadas em Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) no Município de Piripiri-PI através do Programa de Educação pelo Trabalho para a Saúde (PET SAÚDE). Métodos: As atividades ocorrem semanalmente através dos alunos de Enfermagem e Fisioterapia e preceptores, tendo como objetivo principal o enfrentamento, prevenção e reabilitação do câncer de mama e câncer do colo do útero. Dentre as ações realizadas: busca ativa de mulheres que necessitam realizar exames preventivos, palestras educativas, rodas de conversas, panfletagem nas unidades básicas de saúde do município de Piripiri- PI. Resultados: Observou se que a maioria das mulheres desconheciam os fatores que desencadeiam o câncer de mama e as principais formas de prevenção, como o autoexame das mamas. Conclusão: As ações educativas contribuíram para uma melhor assistência na saúde da mulher no combate ao câncer de mama, mediante uma abordagem educativa e assistencialista através da promoção da integração ensino-serviço-comunidade. Para os alunos do programa as atividades proporcionam um elo de comunicação e ganho de experiência onde o aprendizado teórico pode ser posto em prática. DESCRITORES: Câncer de mama. Diagnóstico precoce. Educação em saúde

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others

Applicability of on-farm testing methodologies for the detection of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows and their contribution for animal welfare

Mastitis is an infection of mammary glands caused by microorganisms, which affects the dairy cattle worldwide. Subclinical mastitis are asymptomatic, but with decrease in production. Diagnosis is made through somatic cell count (SCC) in milk, and the greater the amount of these cells, the greater the productivity loss from the animal. In this research we tested the applicability of on-farm testing methodologies for the rapid diagnosis of Subclinical Mastitis, by the use of the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and a modified Wisconsin Mastitis Test (Somaticell®) at the time to perform manual milking. Forty five 45 lactating cows, belonging to three family dairy farms located at the following Regions of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil: Coastal Lowlands; Metropolitan; and Northwest, were analyzed. From 177 mammary quarters tested, 73 (41.2%) presented positive result at CMT (Figure 1), and 82 (46.3%) positive result at Somaticell® (Figure 2). There was a variation of 5.1% between one test and the other; 17 teats (7 animals) presented positive result at Somaticell® and negative at CMT, while 8 teats (2 animals) presented positive result at CMT and negative at Somaticell®. Three cows had already lost one mammary quarter. Both tests have a visual reading, although CMT is a qualitative test with subjective reading of positivity: negative (-), positive (+, ++, +++ e ++++), and Somaticell® has a quantitative scale reading as manufacturer's labeling (69x103 a 197x104 somatic cells/mL). The results show that on-farm tests can be used for rapid detection of subclinical mastitis, and it is an important finding for public health because pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus have been isolated from raw milk, collected from mammary quarters with high SCC. The use of on-farm testing methodologies will allow the producer to take quick decision avoiding sending contaminated milk for human consumption. The diagnosis of subclinical mastitis and the proper treatment of sick cows will result in decreased inflammation and pain of the udder of the animal in the act of milking, and during sucking milk by the calves, helping to promote animal welfare and also the reduction of yield loss milk and premature culling of unproductive animals

Lack of good practice in dairy calves and diarrhea diagnostic: a problem to animal welfare maintenance

Diarrhea is a major disorder affecting calves in the first three weeks of life in different countries, causing significant economic losses. The main calf diarrheal diseases of bacterial origin are Colibacillosis, caused by Escherichia coli, and Paratyphoid or Salmonellosis, caused by strains of Salmonella spp. The lack of hygiene of handlers and facilities, contribute to outbreaks of diarrhea among young animals. Calves become infected orally through contaminated food or water, and the contamination by feces on floors, beds and in the feed, which could be avoided if adopted effective and appropriate management measures in animal husbandry. In this study a survey was made of the presence of pathogenic bacteria in feces of calves belonging to three family dairy farms located in Coastal Lowlands, Metropolitan, and Northwest Regions of RJ. A questionnaire on herd management was completed, observing the hygienic conditions of the location, type of feeding, and the physical appearance of the cows and calves (presence of ticks, bristly hair and thinness). A total of 41 stool samples were obtained, collected using sterile swabs (with Cary & Blair medium) for transport to the laboratory. Enrichment culture media were used to obtain initial growth, and dehydrated selective media Compact Dry EC® (for E. coli) and Compact Dry SL® (for Salmonella spp.) were tested, aiming at the presumptive identification of these microorganisms. As a control for characteristic growth Hektoen and Teague culture media were used. All samples were positive for E. coli and other coliforms in the Compact Dry EC® plate (Figure 1 and 2). Although there was growth in all Compact Dry SL® plates (Figure 3), the isolated colonies were typical of Coliforms (Figure 4), and did not grow any typical colony of Salmonella. In all properties a deficient management, with total lack of hygiene and accumulation of feces, mostly in the milking parlor was observed. The precarious condition of handling and the lack of good treatment to animals showed a total disregard of keepers with the environment where the animals live, and with their welfare

Copy number variants prioritization after array-CGH analysis - a cohort of 1000 patients

Background: Array-based comparative genomic hybridization has been assumed to be the first genetic test offered to detect genomic imbalances in patients with unexplained intellectual disability with or without dysmorphisms, multiple congenital anomalies, learning difficulties and autism spectrum disorders. Our study contributes to the genotype/phenotype correlation with the delineation of laboratory criteria which help to classify the different copy number variants (CNVs) detected. We clustered our findings into five classes ranging from an imbalance detected in a microdeletion/duplication syndrome region (class I) to imbalances that had previously been reported in normal subjects in the Database of Genomic Variants (DGV) and thus considered common variants (class IV). Results: All the analyzed 1000 patients had at least one CNV independently of its clinical significance. Most of them, as expected, were alterations already reported in the DGV for normal individuals (class IV) or without known coding genes (class III-B). In approximately 14 % of the patients an imbalance involving known coding genes, but with partially overlapping or low frequency of CNVs described in the DGV was identified (class IIIA). In 10.4 % of the patients a pathogenic CNV that explained the phenotype was identified consisting of: 40 class I imbalances, 44 class II de novo imbalances and 21 class II X-chromosome imbalances in male patients. In 20 % of the patients a familial pathogenic or potentially pathogenic CNV, consisting of inherited class II imbalances, was identified that implied a family evaluation by the clinical geneticists. Conclusions: As this interpretation can be sometimes difficult, particularly if it is not possible to study the parents, using the proposed classification we were able to prioritize the multiple imbalances that are identified in each patient without immediately having to classify them as pathogenic or benign

Copy number variants prioritization after array-CGH analysis – a cohort of 1000 patients

BACKGROUND: Array-based comparative genomic hybridization has been assumed to be the first genetic test offered to detect genomic imbalances in patients with unexplained intellectual disability with or without dysmorphisms, multiple congenital anomalies, learning difficulties and autism spectrum disorders. Our study contributes to the genotype/phenotype correlation with the delineation of laboratory criteria which help to classify the different copy number variants (CNVs) detected. We clustered our findings into five classes ranging from an imbalance detected in a microdeletion/duplication syndrome region (class I) to imbalances that had previously been reported in normal subjects in the Database of Genomic Variants (DGV) and thus considered common variants (class IV). RESULTS: All the analyzed 1000 patients had at least one CNV independently of its clinical significance. Most of them, as expected, were alterations already reported in the DGV for normal individuals (class IV) or without known coding genes (class III-B). In approximately 14 % of the patients an imbalance involving known coding genes, but with partially overlapping or low frequency of CNVs described in the DGV was identified (class IIIA). In 10.4 % of the patients a pathogenic CNV that explained the phenotype was identified consisting of: 40 class I imbalances, 44 class II de novo imbalances and 21 class II X-chromosome imbalances in male patients. In 20 % of the patients a familial pathogenic or potentially pathogenic CNV, consisting of inherited class II imbalances, was identified that implied a family evaluation by the clinical geneticists. CONCLUSIONS: As this interpretation can be sometimes difficult, particularly if it is not possible to study the parents, using the proposed classification we were able to prioritize the multiple imbalances that are identified in each patient without immediately having to classify them as pathogenic or benign

Pró-letramento: experiências pedagógicas em matemática e linguagem

O livro trata das relações da Unesp com o programa “Pró-Letramento – Mobilização pela Qualidade da Educação”, realizado pelo Ministério da Educação e Cultura (MEC) em parceria com universidades que integram a Rede Nacional de Formação Continuada. Trata-se de um programa voltado para professores com vista à melhoria da qualidade do ensino e da aprendizagem da leitura e da escrita em Matemática e Linguagem nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental. O papel das universidades é o de principalmente servirem como centros de pesquisa e de criação de atividades, sendo o corpo de pesquisadores da Unesp composto por especialistas nas áreas de Matemática, Linguagem e Educação em geral, que atuam inclusive com o apoio da educação a distância. Desde a criação do Pró-Letramento, em 2006, a Unesp está envolvida, por exemplo, com a formatação de cursos e com a elaboração do material a ser utilizado, baseado sempre na problematização dos conteúdos e das práticas cotidianas dos professores. Esse material traz ainda orientações de atividades a serem desenvolvidas entre os professores e aplicadas em sala de aula