Frentes y remolinos como estructuras clave en el habitat de las larvas de peces marinos: oportunidad, respuesta adaptativa y ventaja competitiva

Surface fronts and mesoscale eddies are two classes of ocean structures that engender significant pattern in the habitats of marine organisms. Both are sites where mechanical energy of the physical system may be accessible for augmenting trophic energy available to biological organisms. Accordingly, they may offer opportunities for exceptional local productivity and growth of species particularly adapted to excelling in such highly-productive rapid-growth/high-mortality situations. The major relevant physical mechanisms involved are presented. A widespread attraction of many types of fish to floating objects drifting in the ocean is cited as an apparent adaptive response to the desirable aspects of surface fronts. An apparent contrary tendency for certain important marine fish species to be particularly successful in relatively poorly productive situations, where slower growth may be offset by much lower early life predation mortality, is also noted. Competing tradeoffs between (1) early life nutrition and resulting growth, and (2) mortality of early stages due to predation are suggested. These tradeoffs are posed and illustrated via a “predator pit” conceptual framework. Illustrations of the evident reproductive habitat choices of several populations of large temperate tunas are briefly presented. It is concluded that the time may have come for a general shift in the approach of at-sea fish larval ecological investigations from the conventional focus on associations with environmental properties on a “macro” scale to intensive investigations of the real-time progressions of linked physical-biological interactions occurring on a “meso” (and smaller) scale.Los frentes superficiales y los remolinos de mesoescala son dos tipos de estructuras de mesoescala que producen patrones significativos en los hábitats de los organismos marinos. Ambos son notables por ser lugares en los que la energía mecánica del sistema físico puede ser accesible para aumentar la energía trófica disponible para los organismos biológicos. Por consiguiente, pueden ofrecer oportunidades para que se produzcan producciones y crecimientos localmente excepcionales de especies particularmente adaptadas a sobresalir en tales situaciones de alta producción/rápido crecimiento/alta mortalidad. Los mecanismos físicos de mayor relevancia involucrados son elaborados. La amplia atracción de muchos tipos de peces por objetos flotantes que derivan en el océano ha sido señalada como una aparente respuesta adaptativa a los aspectos deseables de los frentes superficiales. Existe una tendencia aparentemente contraria para ciertas importantes especies de peces marinas que son particularmente exitosas en situaciones productivas relativamente pobres, en las que se ha señalado que un crecimiento más lento podría ser contrarrestado por una menor mortalidad por predación en los primeros estadios de desarrollo, sugiriendo competencias compensadores entre (1) la nutrición y crecimiento resultante en las primeras fases de desarrollo, y (2) la mortalidad debida a la predación en estos primeros estadios. Estas contraposiciones se plantean y se ilustran vía un marco conceptual, el “hoyo de predación”. Se presentan brevemente ilustraciones de las “opciones” del hábitat reproductivo escogidas por varias poblaciones de grandes atunes de zonas templadas. Se extrae la conclusión de que puede haber llegado el momento de un cambio general en la “moda” de las investigaciones ecológicas sobre larvas de peces en-mar, enfocadas convencionalmente en asociaciones con las características ambientales a macroescala, hacia investigaciones intensivas de las progresiones en tiempo real de las interacciones físicobiológicas que suceden a mesoescala (y a menores escalas)

Prevention of gastrointestinal diseases in piglets at weaning using probiotics Bacillus coagylans and Bacillus megaterium

The aim of the study is to determine the preventive effect of the use of probiotics Bacillus coagulans and Bacillus megaterium in case of gastrointestinal diseases in piglets and as a potential strategy to reduce the misuse of antibiotics in monogastric animals by adding probiotics to the diet of pregnant sows and piglets in the period before and after weaning. Materials and methods. Three research groups were formed to study the preventive effect of probiotics of the genus Bacillus coagulans and Bacillus megaterium. The piglets of the first experimental group received probiotics at the rate of 0.4 kg per 1 ton of feed in the periods before and after weaning, and that is, the moment of the entire study, the second experimental group received probiotics in the period after weaning, before that they received milk from the sow. The third group was the control group, which received only milk from the sow, and fodder during the weaning period. The effectiveness of the prevention result was determined by the absence/presence of clinical signs of morbidity and % survival of animals during the study period. The results. It was established that the preservation of livestock in the 1st experimental group was 90 %, and in the 2nd group – 70 %, and control – 50 %. Conclusions. Research results show that probiotics of the genus Bacillus coagulans and Bacillus megaterium, the components of which provide a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity, are a reliable preventive measure for gastrointestinal diseases in piglets

COURSE OF POSTNATAL PERIOD IN WOMEN WITH HYPOGALACTIA USING PHYTOMEDICATIONS

Introduction. Hypogalactia is a condition of decreased secretory activity of mammary glands in lactational period [1, c. 67; 5, c. 98]. Primary and secondary hypogalactias are distinguished. Primary one is conditioned by anatomical and functional pe¬culiarities of mammary glands as well as by moth¬er’s severe diseases associated with extragenital pathology (diabetes mellitus, diffuse toxic goiter), occurs rarely, only in 4-10% of women. Later on, women-in- childbirth who took these preparations had no lactation at first hours or days after labor or lactation appeared in later periods and was insuffi¬cient [3, c. 56; 6, c. 87]. Secondary hypogalactia is mostly a temporary condition [2, c. 35; 8, c. 23]. The reason that caused hypogalactia should be found out to this aim [4, c. 45; 7, c. 56]. A special group of women can be distinguished according to the development of primary hypoga-lactia - these are the women who underwent Cesar-ean section. Early hypogalactia is singled out as to the time of its occurrence. It appears during first 10 days after labor. Late hypogalactia occurs 10 days after. The aim of this work was to study special fea-tures of clinical course of postnatal period and in-vestigate the effect of «Shirafza» phytomedication on lactation in women in childbirth with a decreased lactational function. Material and methods of the study. 60 women in childbirth have been examined who were divided into two groups: I main group - 30 women with a decreased lactational function. II - control group - 30 women in childbirth with a preserved lactation¬al function. Life history, somatic and gynecologic diseases in the history, special features of menstrual and reproductive functions, the course of pregnancy, labor and postnatal period have been studied in all women. In newborns there were determined: condi¬tion at birth, evaluation by Apgar’s scale, primary loss of body-weight and the degree of its recovery by the fourth-fifth day of life, peculiarities of the course in early postnatal adaptational period. Lactational function in women was evaluated on the fourth-fifth day of postnatal period on the basis of clinical examinations of the woman in childbirth, day amount of milk that is produced, food supple¬ments of mixtures to the infant’s feeding and in- deces of weight loss and its restoration during first four-five days after birth. Normal lactation was re¬garded a condition without food supplements, when maximum weight loss was no more than 6%, resto¬ration of initial weight no less than 95% during early neonatal period. S.N. Gaidukov’s classification has been used to evaluate the degree of insufficiency of lactational function (1999): I degree of failure was regarded milk deficiency no more than 25% from the needed quantity; II degree - 50%, III degree - up to 75%, IV degree - over 75%. Statistical processing of the data was performed on a personal computer IBM by means of statistical programme EXCEL making use of variational statistical methods. Authenticity of special features was established by means of Stu-dent’s t-criteria. Differences of indeces were regard-ed authentic at value of p<0,05. Results of the study and discussion. At the age examination it was determined that the majority of women in childbirth were from 19 till 30: in the main group - 25 (83,3%), in the control - 21 (70%) (p>0,05). Average age of women in labor didn’t differ for a fact (25,8±4,2 and 25,1±4,1 of a year correspondingly), A high frequency of somatic pa-thology has been found out: in the main group - in 22 (73,3%), in the control - in 12 (40%) of women (p<0,05). Gynecological diseases in the anamnesis are regarded a factor of risk for disorders in the re-productive system which causes hormonal distur-bances, failure of childbearing function with further complications of postnatal period and also affects formation and duration of lactation. There were gy-necological diseases in the anamnesis in 23 (76,6%) women in the main group and 11 (36,6%) (p<0,05) - in the control. At the same time menstrual function disorders were really more often in the main group - 21 (70%) womem in comparison with the control group - in 4 (13,3%) (p<0,05). In the main group in the structure of menstrual function disorders at-tention was drawn to the predominance of such nosologic forms as dysmenorrheal - in 5 (16,6%), polymenorrhea - in 2 (6,6%), irregular menses - in 12 (40%) women. Only in the main group in the an-amnesis there were revealed such disorders as late menarche - in 1 (3,3%) (p<0,05), hypomenstrual syndrome - in 1 (3,3%) patient. A normal course of postnatal period in the main group was observed in 4 women (13,3%) in the control - in 16 (53,3%). Decrease of lactational function - in 22 (73,3%) women of the main group and 4 (13,3%) in the control one, subinvolution of uterus - in 4 (13,3%) women of the main group and 1 (3,3%) woman of the control group. As subinvolution of uterus oc-curred more often in women from the main group, the factors which contributed to the appearance of this complication were analysed. In women from the main group cardiovascular diseases were regis-tered more often - in 8 (26,6%) and in the control group - 4 (13,3%). In women with a reduced lac-tational function there is a high frequency of dis-orders in menstrual cycle and salpingo-oophoritis in the anamnesis: in the main group - in 21 (70%) and 19 (63,3%); in the control group - in 4 (13,3%) and 5 (16,6%) correspondingly (p<0,05). Incompe¬tent pregnancy in the anamnesis as a factor causing hypogalactia was registered in 53,3% women from the main group. In the majority of women in labor from the main group having hypogalactia there was a thread of abortion - 14 (46,6%), gestosis - in 10 (33,3%), anemia - in 27 (40%); placental insuffi-ciency in 12 (40%), in the control group - in 16,6; 3,3;53,3 and 6,6% cases correspondingly. The most serious intranatal factors for disorders of lactational function after labor were anomalies of labor activity and blood loss over 500 ml that were registered in both groups with almost similar fre¬quency. Both in the main and control groups there weren’t found out any authentic significant perinatal factors among full-term neonates that wound influ¬ence the formation of lactation in postnatal period. The formation of lactation during first 5 days after labor is influenced by the woman’s somatic health condition, her obstetrical-gynecologist status, ob¬stetrical complications which were registered more frequently in women from the main group that’s why we have suggested recovery of lactation¬al function in this group of patients by means of «Shirafza» phytomedication, that is a natural meth-od of high quality based on vegetable raw material which due to complex effect on the woman’s organ¬ism stimulates all stages of lactation, prevents prob¬lems of overweight in feedings mothers and rise of glucose level in blood. Shirafza effect is conditioned by herbs in its composition. Fennel (Foeniculum Mill) contains the mixture of trans-anethol with fenhon, estragol and other components. Structural resemblance of anethol and catecholamine can sup¬port estrogenic activity. Dopamin has a stimulating effect on lactation, in this way anethol can cause milk production re-sponding to dopamine on the determined sections of receptors. Due to this the effect of dopamine de-creases in stimulating milk production. Biologically active substances in Fennel composition stimulate lactogenous action in feeding mothers and also re-move evidences of meteorism, improve digestion release spasms and mobility of the intestine. Caraway provides the increase of milk amount and its nutritional qualities. Trigonella manyco- loured improves bloodflow in the mammary gland, stimulates lactatation and provides the increase of nutritional value of breast milk. Common dill (anethum graveolens) has a seda-tive and soothing action, so women in childbirth are less anxious and its anti-inflammatory action dimin¬ishes the risk of mastitis occurrence. Alcaloids of common dill only increase the amount and quality of breast milk, but in interaction with other compo¬nents of «Shirafza» pass over together with moth¬er’s milk to the infant and prevent meteorism in this way and release abdominal pain (colics) in a breast¬fed infant. The preparation was taken by women from the main group because they complainted mostly of insufficient milk production. The preparation was-taken from the 4-th day of postnatal period by 1 capsule three times a day. 25 women-in labor (83,3%)were marked down to increase the volume of milk on the 5-6th day of the in¬takes as well as to improve milk quality which manifest¬ed inself in the absence of dry «swaddling clothes» syn¬drome, the baby was actively sucking mother’s breast, the woman in childbirth felt the rush of milk, the infant didn’t cry of began to gain weight actively. Conclusions. Women in childbirth show a high frequency of complications in postnatal period (73,3%), that is significantly higher than the analogous index in the control group (40%) Usage of «Shirafza» preparation contributes to the improvement of lactational function in wom¬en in childbirth already on the 5-th day of postnatal period.Кафедра акушерства та гінекологі

THE LEVEL OF ANTIOVARIAN ANTIBODIES AS A INDEX OF INFERTILITY

Introduction. In the structure of infertile marriage the main place has still been kept by a tubal factor. The frequency of this infertility factor reaches 18¬73%. Target of the study. To determine the level of antiovarian antibodies in the blood of women with tubal infertility. Materials and methods. A clinical-laboratory examination has been made of 109 women which were divided into 2 groups:1 group (main) - 58 women with infertility of tubal origin; 2 group (control) - 51 women. The antiovarian antibodies were determined by means of immunofermental set made by the firm Bioserv Ovari-Antibodi ELISA for determination in the blood serum of autoantibodies directed against ovarian antigenes. Results. 30 women have been examined and divided in two groups in our study. The first group included 20 women with infertility of tubal origin. The second group consisted of 10 healthy women with a preserved reproductive function. The average age of women in the main group didn’t differ from the women’s age of the control group. Significant majority in the number of women with chronic salpingoophoritis in the main group (6 times more) testified to the possibility of autoimmune salpingoophoritis initiation in the group under study. The level of antiovarian antibodies was determined equal to 7,1±0,9 and in the main group - 4,1±0,5, which is 1,7 times less than in the control group. Conclusions. 1. The level of antibodies in the main group of women under study and rise of the level have been determined in patients with a secondary infertility who didn’t impregnate for more than 5 years and underwent the following surgery; tubectomy, cystectomy, adnexectomy. 2.On the contrary, the decreased level of antiovarian antibodies has been discovered in patients with a primary infertility who did not impregnate for 5 years as well as in women with uterine pathology and myoma.Кафедра акушерства та гінекологі

TREATMENT OF AUTOIMUNNE OVARIAN DAMAGE

Introduction. To investigate levels of antiovarian autoantibodies in girls and young women with disturbances of menstrual cycle before and during treatment with hormonal therapy. To explain morphological changes in ovarian structure in these patients. Menopause usually occurs approximately at the age of 50. Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a disorder defined as a pathologic termination of menstrual cycle after puberty and before the age of 40. Frequency of this disorder is approximately 1%. Hormonal levels show hypergonadotrophic hypoestrism (FSH more than 40 lU/l). The onset of the disease may be very slow. Menarche and regular menstrual cycles may be followed by menstrual cycle disorders - oligomenorrhoea or secondary amenorrhoea. Sterility or infertility at the reproductive age could be manifestations of the early stage of the disease. One of the possible causes of premature ovarian failure could be an autoimmune process beginning at any time during the reproductive period. Autoimmune damage of the ovarian hormonal production places this disease between the autoimmune endocrinopathies, characterized by direct destruction of the target cells, such as thyroiditis, insulin dependent diabetes and Addison’s disease. Animal models proved that the manifestation of the disease is preceded by complex process that is influenced by genetic, immunologic and environmental factors. Material and methods. Studied group included 39 patients. 18 patients were treated for primary amenorrhoea, 21 for menstrual cycle disorders. Patients included in the study were repeatedly examined at the beginning of the study and after six months during which they were treated by estrogen and gestagen. In all patients we have tested FSH, LH and FSH/LH ratio, presence of antiovarian antibodies. Results were compared with those obtained in control women. 21 antiovarian antibodies positive patients were indicated for laparoscopic biopsy. Bioptic sample was examined using light and electron microscopy. Results. Our treatment with hormonal therapy lead to the reduction of ovarian antigens. In 85% of the cases marked decrease of antiovarian autoantibodies levels was observed, while in 28% of the cases the levels were undetectable. From morphological changes of the bioptic sample enhanced atresia of follicules at different developmental stages was frequently observed. It evoked marked reduction of follicular apparatus up to its complete disappearing. Conclusion. The results of our study and mapping of the antiovarian antibodies positivity support our hypothesis that the antiovarian antibodies positivity corresponds with the clinical symptoms. Appropriate treatment with hormonal replacement therapy minimizes ovarian destruction, preserves ovarian hormonal functions and saves healthy ovarian tissue.Кафедра акушерства та гінекологі