O uso do infográfico na narrativa noticiosa (apropriações na editora de poder da folha de S. Paulo)

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Jornalismo, Florianópolis, 2015.O presente trabalho busca analisar o uso da expressão infográfica como componente da narrativa noticiosa. O estudo da infografia não é uma particularidade do campo do jornalismo, mas alçada à categoria de elemento participante da linguagem jornalística, cumpre um papel e se adapta ao uso que esta disciplina faz dela. Coube a este trabalho observar comparativamente os aspectos da sua composição para perceber de que forma sua utilização na narrativa de um jornalismo específico em análise, representa os efeitos discursivos e de sentido pretendidos, para ampliar as possibilidades de comunicação na área. Propõe-se, a partir da correlação de conceitos da linguagem visual, da narrativa jornalística e dos mecanismos de cognição, proceder uma análise da forma de apresentação gráfica do conteúdo dos textos noticiosos que optam pela linguagem infográfica, para verificar a ação do infográfico à luz do jornalismo como forma de conhecimento. Para isso, dispomos metodologicamente da Análise de Conteúdo (BARDIN,1977), mas também consideramos elementos e observações típicas da Análise Crítica da Narrativa, desenvolvida por Motta (2013). Ambas foram adaptadas ao estudo devido à natureza própria das expressões infográficas. O objeto empírico restringiu-se a análise de uma amostra composta pelas notícias veiculadas na capa da editoria de Poder do jornal Folha de S.Paulo, que fizeram uso de expressões infográficas. Como resultado, pôde-se notar que o uso desta forma expressiva participa da narrativa noticiosa a partir de uma estratégia argumentativa, onde sua função é definida pela relação com a informação que dá sentido ao texto, enquanto os efeitos de sentido estão na forma, do ponto de vista da organização sensorial projetada pelos códigos, que elaboram a experiência.Abstract : This Master's dissertation analyzes the use of infographics as a component of the journalistic narrative. The study of Infography is not a specificity of Journalism, but, as we deem it as an important element of the journalistic expression, it takes up a whole new importance and meaning to the area. Our work meant to observe comparatively many aspects of the infographic composition to understand how deeply their discursive effects contributed to the amplification of communicative possibilities in a specific field of Journalism (Politics). From the correlation of visual language concepts, journalistic narrative and cognitive processes, we proceeded to an analysis of the graphic presentation of contents of news texts that opted for infographic complementation, observing the effects of the infographics under the assumption of Journalism as a valid form of knowledge. To achieve our goals, we used Content Analysis (BARDIN, 1977) as well as Critical Narrative Analysis, developed by Motta (2013). Both were adapted to suit our research goals, given the specific nature of infographic expression. The empirical object was restricted to a corpus composed of infographies published on the cover of the Politics (Poder) section of the Folha de S.Paulo newspaper. As a result, we were able to confirm that the use of infographics are a rich participant as argumentative resource of the journalistic narrative, whose function is defined by the correlation it keeps with the textual information, and that its discursive effects layon their composition, from the standpoint of the sensorial organization made possible by the codes that elaborate the experience

Photochemical depletion of heavy CO isotopes in the Martian atmosphere

The atmosphere of Mars is enriched in heavy isotopes with respect to Earth as a result of the escape of the atmosphere to space over billions of years. Estimating this enrichment requires a rigorous understanding of all atmospheric processes that contribute to the evolution of isotopic ratios between the lower and upper atmosphere, where escape processes take place. We combine measurements of CO vertical profiles obtained by the Atmospheric Chemistry Suite on board the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter with the predictions of a photochemical model and find evidence of a process of photochemistry-induced fractionation that depletes the heavy isotopes of C and O in CO (δ13C = −160 ± 90‰ and δ18O = −20 ± 110‰). In the upper atmosphere, accounting for this process reduces the escape fractionation factor by ~25%, suggesting that less C has escaped from the atmosphere of Mars than previously thought. In the lower atmosphere, incorporation of this 13C-depleted CO fractionation into the surface could support the abiotic origin of recently found Martian organics

Upper limits of HO₂ in the atmosphere of Mars from the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter

Odd-hydrogen (HOx) species have a crucial role in regulating the chemistry of the atmosphere of Mars and are important to understand some of the most fundamental aspects regarding its atmospheric composition such as the long-term stability of CO2. Despite the key role of these species for our understanding of the Martian photochemistry, there is little observational evidence constraining their abundances. In this study, we use infrared solar occultation observations from the Atmospheric Chemistry Suite aboard the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter to search for spectral signatures of HO2 in the atmosphere of Mars. In our analysis of the data, we retrieve vertical profiles of pressure, temperature, and water vapour mixing ratio, but are unable to confidently detect the presence of HO2 features in the spectra. We report upper limits of 15 ppbv (5$\sigma$), which represents an order of magnitude improvement with respect to previous investigations. Comparing the derived upper limits with the expectations from 3-dimensional Global Climate Models, we find that approximately an order of magnitude improvement in the instrument sensitivity would be required to detect this molecule and/or constrain the models

Transient HCl in the atmosphere of Mars

A major quest in Mars’ exploration has been the hunt for atmospheric gases, potentially unveiling ongoing activity of geophysical or biological origin. Here, we report the first detection of a halogen gas, HCl, which could, in theory, originate from contemporary volcanic degassing or chlorine released from gas-solid reactions. Our detections made at ~3.2 to 3.8 μm with the Atmospheric Chemistry Suite and confirmed with Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery instruments onboard the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter, reveal widely distributed HCl in the 1- to 4-ppbv range, 20 times greater than previously reported upper limits. HCl increased during the 2018 global dust storm and declined soon after its end, pointing to the exchange between the dust and the atmosphere. Understanding the origin and variability of HCl shall constitute a major advance in our appraisal of martian geo- and photochemistry

No detection of methane on Mars from early ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter observations

The detection of methane on Mars has been interpreted as indicating that geochemical or biotic activities could persist on Mars today. A number of different measurements of methane show evidence of transient, locally elevated methane concentrations and seasonal variations in background methane concentrations. These measurements, however, are difficult to reconcile with our current understanding of the chemistry and physics of the Martian atmosphere, which-given methane's lifetime of several centuries-predicts an even, well mixed distribution of methane. Here we report highly sensitive measurements of the atmosphere of Mars in an attempt to detect methane, using the ACS and NOMAD instruments onboard the ESA-Roscosmos ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter from April to August 2018. We did not detect any methane over a range of latitudes in both hemispheres, obtaining an upper limit for methane of about 0.05 parts per billion by volume, which is 10 to 100 times lower than previously reported positive detections. We suggest that reconciliation between the present findings and the background methane concentrations found in the Gale crater would require an unknown process that can rapidly remove or sequester methane from the lower atmosphere before it spreads globally

Martian dust storm impact on atmospheric H₂O and D/H observed by ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter

Global dust storms on Mars are rare but can affect the Martian atmosphere for several months. They can cause changes in atmospheric dynamics and inflation of the atmosphere, primarily owing to solar heating of the dust. In turn, changes in atmospheric dynamics can affect the distribution of atmospheric water vapour, with potential implications for the atmospheric photochemistry and climate on Mars. Recent observations of the water vapour abundance in the Martian atmosphere during dust storm conditions revealed a high-altitude increase in atmospheric water vapour that was more pronounced at high northern latitudes, as well as a decrease in the water column at low latitudes. Here we present concurrent, high-resolution measurements of dust, water and semiheavy water (HDO) at the onset of a global dust storm, obtained by the NOMAD and ACS instruments onboard the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. We report the vertical distribution of the HDO/H O ratio (D/H) from the planetary boundary layer up to an altitude of 80 kilometres. Our findings suggest that before the onset of the dust storm, HDO abundances were reduced to levels below detectability at altitudes above 40 kilometres. This decrease in HDO coincided with the presence of water-ice clouds. During the storm, an increase in the abundance of H2O and HDO was observed at altitudes between 40 and 80 kilometres. We propose that these increased abundances may be the result of warmer temperatures during the dust storm causing stronger atmospheric circulation and preventing ice cloud formation, which may confine water vapour to lower altitudes through gravitational fall and subsequent sublimation of ice crystals. The observed changes in H2O and HDO abundance occurred within a few days during the development of the dust storm, suggesting a fast impact of dust storms on the Martian atmosphere

Airborne radar measurements during the CAROLS campaign

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Retrieval the gaseous composition of Venus night-side mesosphere with SPICAV UV onboard Venus Express

International audienceA stellar occultation database accumulated for the first time by the UV channel of the SPICAV instrument onboard Venus Express mission covers an annual range of 2006-2014. During these observations spectra of stellar light partly absorbed in the atmosphere were measuring while the star was ascending or descending in the field of view of the instrument. Vertical profiles of gaseous concentrations of the night Venus atmosphere are able to be retrieved from one orbit set of observations. The instrument worked in wavelength range of 118-320 nm which covered absorption bands of CO2 and some minor gases (SO2, O3). However, the instrument was also sensible to various emission coming from extended sources: nitric oxide (180-280 nm), Lyman-α (121.6 nm) and reflected sun light. A correct separation between one stellar spectrum and the emissions spectra is a critical point in the algorithm of the gaseous vertical profiles retrieval. Recently we developed a new method to extract UV emissions independently on gaseous absorption features. The method is based on instrumental characteristics only. It uses a multi-iterative Richardson-Lucy deconvolution algorithm and simultaneously performs deconvolution of the stellar spectrum. As a result the retrieved gaseous concentration profiles appeared to be more stable with the reducing χ2 (least-squared) value by 10-40 %. One of the calibrations that influences on the retrieval process is determination of a wavelength-pixel assignment. There are various approaches leading to slightly different results. One of them is based on the observation of CO2 absorption feature. However, the CO2 band of the dense atmosphere saturates rapidly during one occultation seance. The second one compares a measured star spectrum and one reference spectrum of this star. The best wavelength-pixel assignment is provided by a combination of these two approaches. Co-authors from the Space research institute (IKI) acknowledge a support from the Ministry of Education and Science of Russian Federation grant 14.W03.31.0017

Reanalysis of the SPICAV-UV nadir spectra on the day side of Venus: SO₂ , O₃ and other UV absorbers

International audienceThe ESA Venus Express spacecraft orbited around Venus between 2006 and 2014. During more than 14 Venusian years, its instruments, among which the UV spectrometer SPICAV-UV [1], acquired a wealth of data whose analysis has far from ended. Its nadir observations on the dayside enabled the analysis of the sunlight backscattered at Venus’ cloud top in order to derive column densities of UV absorbers abovethe cloud top, most prominently SO2 [2, 3].We present here a wholly new analysis of SPICAV-UV nadir data based on a complete reprocessing ofthe full observational dataset. Compared to our legacy analysis, this study also take advantage of a greatly improved version of our forward radiative transfer model