Spouse Maintenance according to the Law approved in Iran and England

Cost of maintenances is one of the most important discussions in family law, which contains the essential factors for proper life. In this research, the above subject based on the comparison between the family right in Britain and Iran has been studied. There are many differences and similarities between these two systems, which are taken from habits, religions, and the government points of view in Iran and England. Regarding the criterion of cost of maintenance, some legislators emphasize the wives’ life before marriage while others pay attention to the conditions of life after marriage. In England the rights due to cost of maintenance have been changed noticeably since 1950. Regarding the comparison of cost of maintenance in Iran it is compulsory and it is not an agreement one but in England it is complementary and based on an agreement one. In this research, we can point to some important subjects such as the nature of wife right in cost of maintenance, the special features of cost of maintenance, the wife cost of maintenance after marriage dissolution, confirmation of cost of maintenance and its guaranty. The legislator in Iran’s right system has added some special conditions which, in comparison to other right systems of other countries, are unique

A Critical Study of The automobile consumer protection Act (2007)

The automobile consumer protection Act (2007) has exerted much effort to establish a special protection for auto consumers. This paper deals with the various dimensions of this Act including bases and scopes of auto dealers' tort liability ,as well as concept, essence and cases of auto defect, consumer information, promotion, recalls, proceeding and so on. The results and conclusion of this paper indicate that the above_ mentioned Act has not satisfied the expectations and moreover the protections for consumers are limited to special cases concerning the guarantee period. Therefore, many other significant issues have been disregarde

مطالعة تاریخی مدیریت دعوا توسط قاضی و قلمرو دخالت آن در دادرسی مدنی ایران

Objective and Background: The Historical Evolutions of the Lawsuit Management in the Advanced Legal Systems Signify that a Vast Part of the Efforts in the Area of Trial have Been Spent for the Creation of a Fair and Truth-Oriented System. The Arrival at this Optimum Entails Designing a Precise and Comprehensive Method of Trial Process Wherein Each of the Lawsuit Actors, i.e. the Judge and the Parties, are Provided With Equal Facilities for Winning the Case. The Present Article Aims at Exerting Efficient Regulations for Preventing Carelessness, Imposition of Costs, Loss of Opportunity and Psychological Pressures Stemming From the Legal Case’s Stress. Study Method: This Descriptive-Analytical Article has Been Carried out Through Library Research and Note-Taking has been the Method of Choice for Data Collection. Ethical Considerations: This Article has Been Prepared and Codified Through Adherence to Honesty and Without Unscientific and Unspecialized Bias and With Respect to the Intellectual Rights of the Authors. Study Findings: The Study Findings Signified That the Positive and Constructive Evolutions Brought About in the Area of Lawsuit Management have Resulted in the Concomitant and Good Will-Based Cooperation Between the Judge and the Lawsuit Parties. The Observation of the Regulations, the Principles Governing the Trial Process and the Legal Doctrine Indicated That the Distribution of the Roles is to a Large Extent Balanced in the Area of the Factual and Judicial Affairs and that this Balance is Reflective of the Judges and Parties’ Correct Management of the Lawsuit. Conclusion: Although There are Superiorities in the Civil Lawsuits With them Belonging to the Lawsuit Parties in the Factual Affairs and to the Judge in the Judicial Affairs, This Relative Superiority Does not Cause the Role of the Judge in Administrating the Factual Affairs and that of the Lawsuit Parties in Administrating the Judicial Affairs to be Passive and Less Important. In Fact, Lawsuit Management is a Manifestation of the Analytical Investigations Along With Related Economic Matters and Seeks Better Perception of the Lawsuit as a Legal-Economic Phenomenon From the Perspective of the Administration of the Trial Actors’ Mutual Behaviors.   Please cite this article as: Mobini Majd Kh, Habibi Darghah B, Badini H, Pahlevan Zadeh A. Historical Study of Lawsuit Management by the Judge and the Realm of its Involvement in Iran’s Civil Trial. Med Hist J, Special Issue on the History of Islam and Iran 2020; 195-208.زمینه و هدف: تحولات تاریخی مدیریت دعوی در نظام‌های حقوقی پیشرفته حاکی از این است که قسمت اعظم تلاش‌ها در عرصة دادرسی، آفرینش نظامی عادلانه و حقیقت‌مدار بوده است. رسیدن به این مطلوب، نیازمند طراحی شیوه‌ای دقیق و جامع از فرآیند دادرسی است که در آن هریک از بازیگران دعوا، یعنی دادرس و اصحاب دعوا از امکاناتی برابر برای رسیدن به رأی برخوردارند هدف ما در این مقاله؛ با اعمال قواعد کارا مانع از بی‌دقتی، تحمیل هزینه، فرصت‌سوزی و فشارهای روانی ناشی از استرس دعوای حقوقی می‌گردد. روش تحقیق: این مقاله به صورت توصیفی - تحلیلی و به روش کتابخانه‌ای با ابزار فیش‌برداری جمع‌آوری و نگارش شده است. ملاحظات اخلاقی: در این مقاله با پایبندی به اصل صداقت و بدون جانبداری غیر علمی و غیر کارشناسی نسبت به موضع و با احترام به حقوق معنوی مؤلفین تهیه و تدوین گردیده است. یافته‌های تحقیق: یافته‌های تحقیق حاکی از این است که با عنایت به تحولات مثبت و سازنده‌ای که در زمینة مدیریت دعوا حادث گردیده است که همکاری توأم با حسن نیت دادرس و اصحاب دعوا را رقم زده است مشاهدة قوانین، اصول حاکم بر فرآیند دادرسی و دکترین حقوقی نشان می‌دهد که در حوزة امور موضوعی و امور حکمی، توزیع نقش‌ها تا حد زیادی متعادل است. و این تعادل نشان از مدیریت صحیح دعوا توسط قضات و طرفین می‌باشد. نتیجه‌گیری: در دعوای مدنی هرچند برتری‌هایی وجود دارد و این برتری در زمینة امور موضوعی متعلق به اصحاب دعوا و در زمینة امور حکمی متعلق به دادرس است، اما این تفوق نسبی سبب نمی‌شود که نقش دادرس در ادارة امور موضوعی و نقش اصحاب دعوا در ادارة امور حکمی نقشی منفعل و کم‌اهمیت باشد. درواقع مدیریت دعوا جلوه‌ای از بررسی‌های تحلیلی توأم با مسائل اقتصادی مرتبط بوده و به دنبال درک بهتر از دعوا به مثابه پدیده‌ای حقوقی اقتصادی از منظر اداره رفتار متقابل بازیگران دادرسی می‌باشد

Interface effects on the fracture mechanism of a high toughness aluminum composite laminate

The microstructure and the mechanical properties of a multilayer composite laminate based on aluminum 7075 and 2024 alloys produced by hot roll-bonding were examined. The composite laminate has been tested at room temperature under impact Charpy tests, three-point bend tests and shear tests on the interfaces. The toughness of the post-rolling tempered and T6 treated composite laminate, measured by impact absorbed energy in the crack arrester orientation, was more than twenty times higher than that of the monolithic Al 7075 alloy and seven times higher than that of Al 2024 alloy. The outstanding toughness increase of the composite laminate in the post-rolling tempered and T6 treated condition is mainly due to the mechanism of “interface predelamination”. By this fracture mechanism the interfaces are debonded before the main crack reaches them, warranting delamination in all interfaces. Therefore, delamination and crack renucleation in every layer are responsible for the improvement in toughness.Financial support from CICYT (Project MAT2003-01172) is gratefully acknowledged. C.M. Cepeda-Jiménez and J.M. García-Infanta thank the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science for a Juan de la Cierva contract and a FPI fellowship respectively. We also thank L. del Real-Alarcón for the welding work, F.F. González-Rodríguez for assistance during hot rolling and J. Chao-Hermida for assistance with the Charpy impact test.Peer reviewe