Kohlenhydratmetabolismus in Ruhe und unter Belastung bei Marathonläufern und Nichtausdauertrainierten unter Gabe einer fettreichen Probemahlzeit

Ziele: Wirkt sich eine fettreiche Probemahlzeit zwischen moderater sportlicher Belastung und körperlicher Ruhe je nach Ausdauertrainingszustand unterschiedlich auf den Stoffwechsel aus? Methodik: 18 Marathonläufer mit einer Bestzeit unter 3,5 h und 14 Allroundsportler teilten sich auf zwei Probandengruppen auf. Insgesamt waren nach 8 h nächtlichem Fasten, drei 30-minütige moderate Laufeinheiten zu absolvieren mit einer einstündigen Pause nach der ersten Laufeinheit und weiteren 15 Minuten Pause nach der dritten Laufeinheit. Direkt nach der ersten Laufeinheit tranken die Probanden 250 ml Sahne. Alle Laufeinheiten wurde in moderatem Tempo 15% unter der individuellen anaeroben Schwelle absolviert. Zu Beginn und nach 30, 90, 120, 150 und 165 Minuten wurde allen Probanden Blut abgenommen und auf die Parameter Laktat, Insulin, Glukose und Triglyzeride ausgewertet. Ergebnisse: Hochsignifikante Gruppenunterschiede waren bei Körperfettanteil, BMI, Taillenumfang, Lactate Threshold, Individueller anaerober Schwelle, Kohlenstoffdioxidabatmung und relativ maximaler Sauerstoffaufnahme feststellbar. Nach allen drei Laufeinheiten war die Glukose der Marathonläufer signifikant höher als bei den Allroundsportlern, auch im Zeitverlauf ergaben sich Gruppenunterschiede. Das Insulin war sowohl bei der ersten Messung als auch im Zeitverlauf signifikant gruppenunterschiedlich. Bei den Parametern Triglyzeride und Laktat ergaben sich keine signifikanten Gruppenunterschiede. Fazit: Denkbar ist ein verbesserter Stoffwechsel bei sehr gut Ausdauertrainierten durch einen höheren Anteil der Fettoxidation nach einer Fettmahlzeit, wodurch länger Glukose mobilisiert werden kann

Intercalibration of national methods to assess the ecological quality of rivers in Europe using benthic invertebrates and aquatic flora

The European Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) commits the Member States of the European Union to classify the ecological status of their surface waters using biological assessment methods. The harmonisation of the good ecological status between Member States is done in the intercalibration exercise. This doctoral thesis comprises the analysis of basic intercalibration approaches and includes results of the first intercalibration phase. In Chapter 1 the direct comparison of invertebrate-based methods is explored. By means of correlation analyses various biological indices are matched for eight countries sharing two common stream types. The outcomes reveal strong relationships between methods, but deviating definitions of the good ecological status. Supportive environmental data is used to illustrate the level of anthropogenic pressure associated with the respective good-moderate boundary of each national method. In search of the most suitable way for comparing national classifications two differing intercalibration options are studied in Chapter 2. The results show that national macrophyte methods are conceptually different: Divergences in the detection of pressures (nutrient enrichment versus unspecific stresses) and the definition of the natural reference state become evident. Chapter 3 identifies the similarities of national methods to establish common grounds in macrophyte intercalibration. The method comparison is enabled by delineating indicator taxa that are used in a common metric for macrophytes. Chapter 4 includes the comparison of ecological classifications for five Eastern European countries. Common metrics are applied in the intercalibration of national methods using benthic diatoms and invertebrates. Since the availability of data from undisturbed reference sites is generally scarce, an alternative approach based on sites impacted by similar levels of disturbance is employed. The biological benchmarks derived from these sites set transnational reference points for the harmonization of national status classifications

Motivational interdependence in couple relationships

This article presents an integrative conceptual model of motivational interdependence in couples, the MIC model. Based on theoretical tenets in motivation psychology, personality psychology, and research on interpersonal perception, the MIC model postulates that two partners' motive dispositions fundamentally interact in shaping their individual motivation and behavior. On a functional level, a partner's motivated behavior is conceptualized as an environmental cue that can contribute to an actor's motive expression and satisfaction. However, the partner's motivated behavior is considered to gain this motivational relevance only via the actor's subjective perception. Multilevel analyses of an extensive experience sampling study on partner-related communal motivation ( N = up to 60,803 surveys from 508 individuals nested in 258 couples) supported the MIC model. Participants, particularly those with strong communal motive dispositions, behaved more communally at moments when they perceived their partners to behave more communally. In addition, participants experienced momentary boosts in satisfaction when they behaved more communally and, at the same time, perceived their partners' behavior as similarly communal. Broader implications of the MIC model for research on romantic relationships are discussed

Personality Development in Emerging and Young Adulthood: A Study of Age Differences

Early adulthood is a time of substantial personality change characterized by large inter–individual diversity. To investigate the role of age in this diversity, the present study examined whether emerging adults differ from an older group of young adults in their Big Five personality development. By means of multi–group latent change modelling, two groups of 16– to 19–year–olds ( n = 3555) and 26– to 29–year–olds ( n = 2621) were tracked over the course of four years and compared regarding four aspects of personality change: mean–level change, rank–order change, inter–individual differences in change, and profile change. In addition, age–differential socialization effects associated with six first–time life events were investigated. Analyses revealed substantial age differences in all four aspects of change. As expected, emerging adults showed greater change and diversity in change than young adults. However, the six life events had no age–differential impact on change in single traits and Big Five profiles. Overall, the results indicate that age differences should be considered even in specific life stages to advance the understanding of personality development

Truth and Wishful Thinking: How Interindividual Differences in Communal Motives Manifest in Momentary Partner Perceptions

Although rooted in reality, partner perceptions often reflect wishful thinking due to perceivers' needs. Dispositional needs, or motives, can differ between persons; however, little is known about their differential associations with everyday partner perception. The present study used data from a 4‐week experience sampling study ( N = up to 60942 surveys from 510 individuals nested in 259 couples) to examine the effects of perceivers' partner‐related implicit and explicit communal motives on the perception of (i) global communal partner behaviour and (ii) specific communal and uncommunal partner behaviours. The results of truth and bias models of judgement and quasi‐signal detection analyses indicate that strong implicit communal approach motives and strong explicit communal motives are associated with the tendency to overestimate the partner's communal behaviour. Additionally, strong implicit communal approach motives were associated with the tendency to avoid perceptions of uncommunal partner behaviour. Neither implicit nor explicit communal motives had an effect on accuracy in the perception of particularly communal partner behaviour. The results highlight the relevance of both implicit and explicit communal motives for momentary partner perceptions and emphasise the benefits of dyadic microlongitudinal designs for a better understanding of the mechanisms through which individual differences manifest in couples' everyday lives. © 2019 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psycholog

Measuring motivational relationship processes in experience sampling: A reliability model for moments, days, and persons nested in couples

The investigation of within-person process models, often done in experience sampling designs, requires a reliable assessment of within-person change. In this paper, we focus on dyadic intensive longitudinal designs where both partners of a couple are assessed multiple times each day across several days. We introduce a statistical model for variance decomposition based on generalizability theory (extending P. E. Shrout & S. P. Lane, 2012), which can estimate the relative proportion of variability on four hierarchical levels: moments within a day, days, persons, and couples. Based on these variance estimates, four reliability coefficients are derived: between-couples, between-persons, within-persons/between-days, and within-persons/between-moments. We apply the model to two dyadic intensive experience sampling studies (n1 = 130 persons, 5 surveys each day for 14 days, ≥ 7508 unique surveys; n2 = 508 persons, 5 surveys each day for 28 days, ≥ 47764 unique surveys). Five different scales in the domain of motivational processes and relationship quality were assessed with 2 to 5 items: State relationship satisfaction, communal motivation, and agentic motivation; the latter consists of two subscales, namely power and independence motivation. Largest variance components were on the level of persons, moments, couples, and days, where within-day variance was generally larger than between-day variance. Reliabilities ranged from .32 to .76 (couple level), .93 to .98 (person level), .61 to .88 (day level), and .28 to .72 (moment level). Scale intercorrelations reveal differential structures between and within persons, which has consequences for theory building and statistical modeling

Intercalibrating the national classifications of ecological status for very large rivers in Europe: Biological Quality Element: Benthic invertebrates

The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires the national classifications of good ecological status to be harmonised through an intercalibration exercise. In this exercise, significant differences in status classification among Member States are harmonized by comparing and, if necessary, adjusting the good status boundaries of the national assessment methods. Intercalibration is performed for rivers, lakes, coastal and transitional waters, focusing on selected types of water bodies (intercalibration types), anthropogenic pressures and Biological Quality Elements. Intercalibration exercises were carried out in Geographical Intercalibration Groups - larger geographical units including Member States with similar water body types - and followed the procedure described in the WFD Common Implementation Strategy Guidance document on the intercalibration process (European Commission, 2011). The Technical reports are organized in volumes according to the water category (rivers, lakes, coastal and transitional waters), Biological Quality Element and Geographical Intercalibration group. This volume addresses the intercalibration of the Very large river Benthic invertebrate ecological assessment methods. Nineteen countries (Austria, Belgium (Flanders), Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden) participated in the intercalibration exercise and harmonised their benthic invertebrate assessment systems. The results were approved by the WG ECOSTAT and included in the EC Decision on intercalibration (European Commission, 2018).JRC.D.2-Water and Marine Resource