A Four-Way Comparison of Cardiac Function with Normobaric Normoxia, Normobaric Hypoxia, Hypobaric Hypoxia and Genuine High Altitude.

There has been considerable debate as to whether different modalities of simulated hypoxia induce similar cardiac responses.This was a prospective observational study of 14 healthy subjects aged 22-35 years. Echocardiography was performed at rest and at 15 and 120 minutes following two hours exercise under normobaric normoxia (NN) and under similar PiO2 following genuine high altitude (GHA) at 3,375m, normobaric hypoxia (NH) and hypobaric hypoxia (HH) to simulate the equivalent hypoxic stimulus to GHA.All 14 subjects completed the experiment at GHA, 11 at NN, 12 under NH, and 6 under HH. The four groups were similar in age, sex and baseline demographics. At baseline rest right ventricular (RV) systolic pressure (RVSP, p = 0.0002), pulmonary vascular resistance (p = 0.0002) and acute mountain sickness (AMS) scores were higher and the SpO2 lower (p<0.0001) among all three hypoxic groups (GHA, NH and HH) compared with NN. At both 15 minutes and 120 minutes post exercise, AMS scores, Cardiac output, septal S', lateral S', tricuspid S' and A' velocities and RVSP were higher and SpO2 lower with all forms of hypoxia compared with NN. On post-test analysis, among the three hypoxia groups, SpO2 was lower at baseline and 15 minutes post exercise with GHA (89.3±3.4% and 89.3±2.2%) and HH (89.0±3.1 and (89.8±5.0) compared with NH (92.9±1.7 and 93.6±2.5%). The RV Myocardial Performance (Tei) Index and RVSP were significantly higher with HH than NH at 15 and 120 minutes post exercise respectively and tricuspid A' was higher with GHA compared with NH at 15 minutes post exercise.GHA, NH and HH produce similar cardiac adaptations over short duration rest despite lower SpO2 levels with GHA and HH compared with NH. Notable differences emerge following exercise in SpO2, RVSP and RV cardiac function

TOMO-ETNA experiment at Etna volcano: Activities on land

In the present paper we describe the on-land field operations integrated in the TOMO-ETNA experiment carried out in June-November 2014 at Mt. Etna volcano and surrounding areas. This terrestrial campaign consists in the deployment of 90 short-period portable three-component seismic stations, 17 broadband seismometers and the coordination with 133 permanent seismic station belonging to Italy’s Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV). This temporary seismic network recorded active and passive seismic sources. Active seismic sources were generated by an array of air-guns mounted in the Spanish oceanographic vessel “Sarmiento de Gamboa” with a power capacity of up to 5200 cubic inches. In total more than 26,000 shots were fired and more than 450 local and regional earthquakes were recorded. We describe the whole technical procedure followed to guarantee the success of this complex seismic experiment. We started with the description of the location of the potential safety places to deploy the portable network and the products derived from this search (a large document including full characterization of the sites, owners and indication of how to arrive to them). A full technical description of the seismometers and seismic sources is presented. We show how the portable seismic network was deployed, maintained and recovered in different stages. The large international collaboration of this experiment is reflected in the participation of more than 75 researchers, technicians and students from different institutions and countries in the on-land activities. The main objectives of the experiment were achieved with great success.PublishedS04272SR. VULCANI - Servizi e ricerca per la SocietàJCR Journalope

Evolution and practical application of the anaerobic threshold in sport training. A revision Evolución y aplicación práctica del umbral anaeróbio en el entrenamiento deportivo. Revisión

&lt;p class="resumenyabstract" align="justify"&gt;The controversy about the anaerobic threshold has not prevented investigators from studying in further and attempting to improve the traditional methods of invasive blood lactate concentration determinations (lactate threshold), or methods of noninvasive gas exchange (ventilatory threshold), and even suggesting new methods based on heart rate, saliva, electromyograph,... to the determination of anaerobic threshold. The noninvasive detection scheme has mede the parameter attractive to investigators in preventive, rehabiliative and occupationel medicine and researches in the exercise sciences. Controversy exist regarding the specifie cause for the exercise-induces metabolic acidosis. Indeed, the relationship between endurance performance and lactate kinetics led to the suggestion that a blood lactate concentration could be used as a training tool.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;KEY WORDS&lt;/strong&gt;: Anaerobic Threshold, lactate, training, performance.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;strong class="titulo1"&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;La controversia sobre el umbral anaer&amp;oacute;bio (U.ANA) no ha impedido investigar m&amp;aacute;s all&amp;aacute; e intentar mejorar los m&amp;eacute;todos tradicionales de determinaci&amp;oacute;n invasiva de la concentraci&amp;oacute;n de lactato en sangre (umbral l&amp;aacute;ctico), o m&amp;eacute;todos no invasivos de intercambio gaseoso (umbral ventilatorio), e incluso sugerir otros nuevos basados en la frecuencia card&amp;iacute;aca, saliva, electromiograf&amp;iacute;a, ... para determinar el U.ANA. El proyecto de detecci&amp;oacute;n no invasiva, ha hecho el par&amp;aacute;metro atractivo al investigador en prevenci&amp;oacute;n, medicina ocupacional y de rehabilitaci&amp;oacute;n e investigaciones de las ciencias del ejercicio. Existe controversia para delimitar la causa espec&amp;iacute;fica de la acidosis metab&amp;oacute;lica inducida por el ejercicio. De hecho, la relaci&amp;oacute;n entre el rendimiento en resistencia y la cin&amp;eacute;tica del lactato nos llevan a considerar que la concentraci&amp;oacute;n de lactato puede ser usada como una herramienta de entrenamiento. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;PALABRAS CLAVE&lt;/strong&gt;: Biomec&amp;aacute;nica, gimnasia, entrenamiento&lt;/p&gt

EFECTO DE DIFERENTES MÉTODOS DE ENTRENAMIENTO DE CONTRASTE PARA LA MEJORA DE LA FUERZA DE IMPULSIÓN EN UN SALTO VERTICAL

&lt;p class="titulo1" align="center"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="titulo1" align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;RESUMEN&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span class="tabulado"&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class="tabulado" align="justify"&gt;La finalidad del presente estudio es conocer el efecto de dos tipos de entrenamiento de contraste de fuerza en los que se combinan cargas ligeras (multisaltos) con cargas pesadas (sentadillas al 70% del 1RM) sobre las distintas manifestaciones de la fuerza din&amp;aacute;mica. La muestra seleccionada se extrajo del Ejercito Espa&amp;ntilde;ol de Tierra, divididos en dos grupos experimentales (n=30: 15 en cada grupo, varones, 22 &amp;plusmn; 4 a&amp;ntilde;os de edad), sin que existiera para ello grupo control. La raz&amp;oacute;n de este dise&amp;ntilde;o, sin grupo control, es porque est&amp;aacute; suficientemente comprobado por la literatura cient&amp;iacute;fica que el entrenamiento de contraste de fuerza produce ganancias significativas en la altura del salto. La variable independiente manipulada es la forma de combinaci&amp;oacute;n de las cargas: en el grupo 1 la combinaci&amp;oacute;n de cargas se realiza en la misma serie (grupo de contraste en la serie &amp;ndash;CSR-) y en el grupo 2 la combinaci&amp;oacute;n de cargas se realiza en la misma sesi&amp;oacute;n (grupo de contraste en la sesi&amp;oacute;n &amp;ndash; CSS-).Por lo tanto, lo que se trata de determinar es qu&amp;eacute; m&amp;eacute;todo de contraste, de los dos empleados, es m&amp;aacute;s eficaz. Procedimiento: Ambos grupos experimentales entrenaron 3 veces a la semana, durante 8 semanas consecutivas. La intensidad del entrenamiento y la carga fue la misma para los dos grupos. Se realizaron controles, mediante una alfombra de contacto, al inicio y en la 4&amp;ordf; y 8&amp;ordf; semana de la experimentaci&amp;oacute;n. Se evalu&amp;oacute; la altura de salto siguiendo el protocolo de Bosco: salto sin contramomivimiento (SJ), salto con controamovimiento (CMJ), salto sin contramovimiento con el 50% de peso corporal (SJ50), salto sin contramovimiento con el 100% de peso corporal (SJ100) y la fuerza m&amp;aacute;xima del tren inferior mediante una repetici&amp;oacute;n m&amp;aacute;xima -1RM en sentadilla-. Resultados: Tras el correspondiente an&amp;aacute;lisis estad&amp;iacute;stico , realizada la t de Student, se observ&amp;oacute; que en todas las variables estudiadas se produjo un incremento significativo (p&amp;lt;.001). En la comparaci&amp;oacute;n entre los grupos, en lo referente al salto, el grupo de CSR fu&amp;eacute; el que obtuvo las ganancias en altura m&amp;aacute;s r&amp;aacute;pidamente, aunque al final del tratamiento los resultados entre los dos grupos se equipararon. En lo referente a la fuerza m&amp;aacute;xima conseguida, este mismo grupo CSR obtuvo mayores incrementos (p&amp;lt;.001). Conclusiones: El entrenamiento de contraste de fuerza con cargas (70% de 1RM) y multisaltos mejora significativamente las distintas manifestaciones de la fuerza din&amp;aacute;mica, independientemente del m&amp;eacute;todo elegido. El entrenamiento de CSR produce adaptaciones m&amp;aacute;s r&amp;aacute;pidas en la fuerza explosiva y mayores incrementos en la fuerza m&amp;aacute;xima que en el entrenamiento de CSS. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;strong&gt;PALABRAS CLAVE:&lt;/strong&gt; Entrenamiento, fuerza, salto vertical.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class="titulo1" align="center"&gt;ABSTRACT&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class="tabulado" align="justify"&gt;The purpose of the present study is to determine the effect of two types of strength training on the different manifestations of dynamic force in which light loads (repetitive jumps) and heavy loads are combined (Squat 70% of the 1RM). The study sample was selected from the Spanish Army (n=30: 15 males in each group, 22 &amp;plusmn; 4 years of age), for which no control group existed. The reason for the lack of group control is sufficiently verified by scientific literature demonstrating that strength training produces significant gains in the height of the jump. The manipulated independent variable is the form of combination of the loads. In group 1 the combination of loads is made in the same set, and in group 2 the combination of loads is made in different sets, thereby determining which method, of both used, is more effective. Procedure: Both experimental groups trained 3 times per week, during 8 consecutive weeks. The intensity of the training and the load were the same for both groups. The height of the jumps was measured by means of an electronic platform at the beginning of the experiment and in the 4th and 8th weeks. Measures were made following the Bosco protocol: Squat Jump (SJ), Contramovement Jump (CMJ), Squat Jump with 50% of body weight (SJ50), Squat Jump with 100% of body weight (SJ100) and the maximum force of the lower limbs by means of a maximum repetition -1RM in Squats. Results: After the corresponding statistical analysis, made the t-Student, it was observed that of all the variables studied a significant increase took place (p&amp;lt;.001). In the comparison between groups, group 1 obtained gains in height more quickly, although ultimately the results between both groups were equal. However, with respect to the maximum force obtained, group 1 obtained higher increases (p&amp;lt;.001). Conclusions: The different manifestations of dynamic force improve significantly with both methods. Group 1 training produces faster adaptations in explosive force and higher increases in the maximum force than in group 2 training. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;strong&gt;KEY WORDS:&lt;/strong&gt; Training, strength, vertical jump.&lt;/p&gt

Incidencia de un programa de actividad física sobre los parámetros antropométricos y la condición física en mujeres mayores de 60 años Effect of a physical activity program on the anthropometric and physical fitness of women over 60 years

El presente trabajo quiere determinar la incidencia de doce semanas de actividad física sobre la capacidad física y morfología de mujeres mayores de 60 años sin discapacidad de la comuna de Iquique, Chile. Antes y después del periodo de intervención se determinaron las características antropométricas y el estado de condición física de la muestra. Las variables antropométricas evaluadas fueron el peso, talla y perímetros de cintura y cadera. El índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) y de Cintura Cadera (ICC) fue determinado. Para la evaluación del estado de la condición física se empleó el test de dinamometría manual, de salto vertical con contramovimiento y de sentarse y levantarse para la evaluación del estado de la fuerza. El equilibrio se testó mediante el test de equilibrio monopodal con referencia visual y la flexibilidad, mediante el test de flexión anterior del tronco (sit and reach test). Los resultados obtenidos muestran un efecto positivo del programa de intervención sobre el rendimiento de todos los test físicos (p This paper wants to determine the incidence of twelve weeks of physical activity on physical capacity and morphology of women over 60 yrs without disabilities in the district of Iquique, Chile. Before and after the intervention period was determined anthropometric characteristics and physical fitness status of the sample. Anthropometric variables were weight, height and waist and hip circumferences. The Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist Hip was determined. To evaluate the status of the physical condition was used handgrip dynamometry test, countermovement vertical jump and get in and out. The balance was tested through the test of visual reference monopodal balance and flexibility through the test of trunk flexion (sit and reach test). Results show a positive effect of the intervention program on the performance of every physical test (p < 0.05). Anthropometric parameters showed a reduction in waist-hip ratio (p = 0.029) and waist circumference (p = 0.014), without rest of the variables analyzed showed changes of interest. Among the observed associations, vertical jump test showed a negative correlation with balance test and getting in and out test, both before and after treatment (R = -0.495, R = -0.699 in PREtest and R = -0.373, R = -0.463 at the POSTtest for the CMJ relation and balance and CMJ and Ln S-L test respectively, P < 0.05). In conclusion, a program of physical activity lasting 12 weeks, improves physical capacity (balance, grip strength, leg strength and flexibility) and anthropometric parameters (waist-hip ratio and waist circumference), in healthy women over 60yrs of the district of Iquique, Chile

Estimación de la ingesta de fitoestrógenos en población femenina Exposure of phytoestrogens intake through diet in a sample of females

Introducción: Los fitoestrógenos son compuestos naturales que forman parte de numerosos alimentos de origen vegetal y que podrían modular tanto aspectos relacionados con hormonas, como reacciones de tipo antioxidante, por lo que conocer las ingestas de estos compuestos en diferentes poblaciones aclararía aspectos importantes sobre sus respuestas en el organismo. Objetivo: Valorar la exposición de fitoestrógenos por medio de la dieta, en una muestra de mujeres de todas las edades pertenecientes a la comunidad universitaria (docentes, administrativas y estudiantes), residentes en la provincia de Granada, España. Material y método: 52 mujeres adultas, con edades entre 20 y 63 años completaron individualmente un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos (FFQ) compuesto por un total de 144 alimentos. Se ponderó el consumo diario de fitoestrógenos totales estandarizando los valores refiriendo estos a la daidzeína como sustancia patrón (mg/día). El análisis estadístico se realizó con SPSS 15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), con un nivel de significancia de p Introduction: The phytoestrogens are naturally occurring compounds that are part of many foods of plant origin and could therefore modulate aspects related hormones, such as type of antioxidant reactions, learning about intakes of these compounds in different populations clarify important aspects on their responses on the human body. Objective: To evaluate the exposure of phytoestrogens through diet, in a sample of women of all ages belonging to the university community (teachers, students and administrative), residents in the province of Granada,Spain. Material and method: 52 adult females, aged between 20 and 63 years completed a questionnaire individually Frequency of Food Consumption (FFQ) composed of a total of 144 foods. It weighted the total daily consumption of phytoestrogens standardizing these values referring to the daidzein as substance pattern (mg/day). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), with a level of significance of p < 0.05. Results: The results show that the total intake of phytoestrogens was (0.89 mg/day), and most of phytoestrogens was consumed in the form of lignanos. The total consumption of isoflavones, was 0.12 mg/day, of lignanos was 1.32 mg/day intake coumestrol was not significative. A linear regression analysis determined the equation to calculate intake phytoestrogens took into account 9 food groups (R: 0.918; p < 0.001). Discussion: Average intake of phytoestrogens in Spain, is comparable to intakes reported by similar studies in Germany, England and the United States (< 1 mg/ day). Conclusions: There were no significant differences in the intake of phytoestrogens, when comparing results by age, educational level, marital status or physical activity. The intake of phytoestrogens (mg/day) can be estimated from the intake (g/day) from 9 food groups