Forging the City Image during the French Colonial Period (1883-1962) in the Case of Jijel (Algeria)

The urban configuration of Algerian cities reflects the influence of French colonization (1883-1962). This is characterized by a collection of contrasts and overlays of different forms of architecture and urbanism. In all urban agglomerations in Algeria, the colonial section remains the most prominent and structured. This legacy of colonial architecture and urban planning has ignited a national debate in political and academic circles regarding its classification as heritage. This current study contributes to the debate by adopting a neutral and scientific approach in order to smooth things out and shed light on the role and creation of urban form and its image, specifically through the example of Jijel. The notion of urban image is explored through colonial architectural achievements, urban planning, and artistic endeavours that were emblematic of the city during the colonial period and continue to be so today. This article showcases various works created during the colonial period in Jijel, those that still convey an identity that defines the city. The concern for this identity is substantiated by a research project that seeks to identify the city\u27s image through significant architectural works across different epochs and determine those that accurately convey the city\u27s identity within the country

The topological reading of ambiances in the built environment: the new methodology for the analysis of the luminous ambiance in the museum space.

Daylight is currently at the centre of discourse on architectural space. The definition of architectural space takes essence from Euclidean geometry related to metric dimensions. The present study is an attempt to shed light on topology which is a non-Euclidean geometry. It can support non-metric components of space such as light to define architectural space. A corpus of six European museums has been chosen to study the immaterial or material relationships between form and daylight, since light is an essential element for the success of the exhibition. It also seeks to highlight discontinuity reports, and to confirm their existence through their software visualizations. Therefore, the current study has taken into account an analysis model based on the notions of "route" and "sequence". The contemporary architectural project focused on taking into account human postures, both physical and psychological, within the architectural space. The results obtained show that light can release other spatial features for the museum space that can be highlighted by visualization with sequential analysis

The role of walkability in creating sustainable cities and communities. Case of the city of Bejaia in Algeria

peer reviewedThe increase in car traffic in recent years continues to significantly affect the quality of life in urban areas. Motorized traffic has increased so much that many important aspects of city life are increasingly hampered and the question of the sustainability of means of transport has become an important topic. On the other hand, the World Health Organization affirms that diseases related to obesity and people's inactivity have increased sharply in the last decade, to this end it suggests the promotion of sustainable access. to one of the most important goals in the fight against obesity. The creation of a sustainable transport system has therefore become the main objective of transport policies in many countries of the world. This system should encourage facilities that connect everyone and should be linked to the economic, social and environmental aspects of society. The promotion of walking and cycling is seen as the most important way to ensure sustainability especially in the most populated areas. Walking has been associated with many benefits, ranging from reducing air pollution, decongesting traffic and consuming resources, to solving obesity and other health problems [Ann Forsyth, 2020]. It has also been seen as a key factor in creating 'livable communities', encouraging interaction between neighbors and making the urban environment a more pleasant and safe place to live [Emery and Crump, 2003]. Walkability has recently been introduced as a concept that reflects the extent to which the urban environment is pedestrian-friendly [Abley and Turner, 2011]. By assessing it, planning professionals may be able to address the quality of the pedestrian environment. Research on walkability is recent and agreement on what to measure and how to measure it is still highly controversial due to the multiplicity of urban attributes that can influence walking. This prompted us to devote our present investigation to the study and evaluation of the degree of walkability within urban centers. This led us to ask ourselves the following main question: What are the criteria that would make it possible to identify walkability within our social theatres? The city of Bejaia in Algeria, like other cities in North Africa, does not escape the problems of urban management which generally translates into longer journeys leading to an increase in the use of non-motorised means of transport. durable. This city experienced an extension in the colonial period due to the plan of Constantine and continued to expand after independence on the part of the plain. The evolution of the old city towards the plain was made on two axes, and the result of this evolution gave birth to several urban entities forming a geometric center and a hypercentre made up of a set of districts within which State buildings with private buildings thus constituting a hybrid urban fabric [Mansouri, Y., Occhiuto, R., & Hanocq, P. , 2022 ]. Can we qualify the hypercentral area of the city of Bejaia as being walkable? and to what extent could we gauge the quality of walkability in this area so that we can improve it eventually? The complexity of the concept of walkability prompted us to use a variety of analytical tools, ranging from direct observation made several times and at different times and places, to cartographic and statistical analysis, as well as the use of the spatial syntax method developed by the UCL research center in London. This analysis also gives voice to the inhabitants and users of the place, through a questionnaire survey and the realization of guided tours. All of its methods are supported by the implementation and application of a walkability audit based on the indicator scoring system. The results of this work show that if there are many studies relating to the evaluation of walkability around the world, little research has focused on Maghreb cities, especially on the city of Bejaia (Algeria). Our research question therefore makes it possible to provide empirical experience on the question of walking in Maghreb cities and indirectly opens the debate around the vivification of the city on new avenues of solutions, and lays the foundations of the argument. in favor of the theory that the concept of walkability can be applied for the proper planning of our cities.11. Sustainable cities and communitie

Evaluation of the thermal comfort in the design of the museum routes: the thermal topology.

Museums are nowadays among the most popular projects for the public, the concept of thermal comfort in museums is often treated after the realization. Even if in the design, the architect shows a particular intention to work with daylight which is considered for these projects as main, the architect often considers certain elements that have an influence on the energy balance of these projects such as: orientation, building materials. The museum route is the key to the success of any museum project, it is the space of the visitor, the space in which he is invaded by sensations. In this study, we will first evaluate the thermal comfort in the museum as a whole (building) and then through its route. The objective is to guide reflection in the design of the museum towards the route in order to reduce energy consumption. In order to carry out our study, some European museums were analysed by means of simulation, according to the thermal comfort of their designs for the most unfavourable conditions, then by a thermal analysis of the museum route according to the segmentation principle using the average radiant temperature. This method allowed us to bring out correspondences between the architectural form and the route. Finally, the segmentation method constitutes the basis of a new methodological approach called 'thermal topology' based on the discontinuities of the temperatures in the route

Development of a new analytical model for the study of the urban and architectural sound ambiance: the topological approach.

Research in the field of ambience has clearly evolved in our era; the field of investigation lists all the typologies of space, ranging from the architectural to the urban. There is a lot of research, but the relationships between investigations are minimal. Currently, we have no way to treat or perceive space as a whole, from the macro (urban) to the micro (architectural) environment. In this work, we have taken sound as a parameter of ambience, using a literature review to understand how the existence of sources of sound is studied within urban and architectural spaces. This helps to verify the existence of a correlation between the various methodological palettes that support sound in different types of space. Our objective is to achieve a sound-based analysis model that could support all types of sound environments, whether urban or architectural, in order to create or improve ambience

Spatial-sound topology of the museum's architectural space.

The present work aims to demonstrate that a topological characterization of architectural space would amount to a presence and a participation of sound. In other words, the sound, itself and similarly to the human body, will be able to generate new spatiality that can be characterized 'topologically'. The museum considered as an architectural work intended for the public, is the object of study of this investigation. A corpus of thirty international museums was subjected to analysis in accordance with the model developed and based on the notions of 'route' and 'sequence'. Using statistical analyzes of the data collected for this corpus. It is to be admitted that the sound enhances the museum route thanks to the continuities and discontinuities with the basic form of the building. It is from this relationship that the sound topologies are born

Analysis and visualization of the new architectural spatiality: light and sound topologies in museums.

This work aims at demonstrating that like geometry or anthropology, topology can offer the architectural space a new form of dimensioning and spatiality, this would amount to a participation of daylight and sound ambiences. We will explore this new spatiality in the architectural space and especially the museum space. The definitions of topology helped us to build a new analysis model based on the notions of 'route' and 'sequence'. To do this, a corpus of thirty international museums was submitted to analysis according to the model. Subsequently support by statistical analysis of the data collected for this corpus. It must be admitted that for the seen ambience, sequential analysis can alone define the luminous topologies and the use of the software will confirm them. However, for unseen ambiences, such as sound, the software is more than necessary to visualize and define sound topologies. This new way of interpreting the space and visualizing it topologically, by taking into account the sensory aspects, can allow us to reach an optimal conceptual model. One can also through these results develop software that can judge the architectural space designed topologically

SPATIAL-SOUND TOPOLOGY OF THE MUSEUM'S ARCHITECTURAL SPACE. TOPOLOGIE SPATIO-SONORE DE L’ESPACE ARCHITECTURAL MUSEAL

Le présent travail vise à démontrer qu’une caractérisation topologique de l’espace architectural reviendrait à une présence et à une participation du son. Autrement dit, le son, lui aussi et semblablement au corps humain, pourrait générer de nouvelles spatialités ‘topologiquement’ caractérisables (objectif).. Le musée, œuvre architecturale destinée au public, est l’objet d’étude de cette investigation.  Un corpus de trente musées internationaux (cas d’étude) a été soumis à l’analyse conformément au modèle élaboré et fondé sur les notions de ‘parcours’ et ‘séquence’(méthode choisie).  En ayant recours aux analyses statistiques des données collectées pour ce corpus. Il est à admettre que le son valorise bien le parcours muséal grâce à un rapport sereinement tumultueux de continuités-discontinuités avec la forme basique de l’édifice (Aperçu de réponse). C’est de ce rapport que prennent naissance les topologies sonores

Understanding the trade-offs between climate change-induced aridity and agricultural water demand in the Souss basin, Morocco

The concept of integrated water resource management requires an in-depth analysis of water inflows into a river basin. Population growth and the uncertainties associated with climate change are causing increased water stress and droughts, which are impacting agriculture. Hence the need for studies on the impact of climate change on demand-supply interactions in river basins. In this study, a generic decision support system, ModSim, was used; for the first time in the region; to examine the agricultural water usage and demands over Souss basin in Morocco. ModSim was calibrated over the period from 1990 to 2019 using recorded data about physical processes and hydraulic infrastructures features and management. The simulations succeeded in replicating different deficit episodes at the various irrigated perimeters. During the simulated period from 2012 to 2019, it was observed that the water supplies for the different dams in the basin experienced a decline ranging from 38% to 89%. As a result, the average total unmet demand for surface water from reservoirs in irrigated areas reached 201 mm3 between 1990 and 2019 and the monthly average demand increases by 55% in the dry season, compared to the demands in the rest of the year. The significant amount of unmet demand across all sites suggests that demands are satisfied by the withdrawal of water from groundwater resources. The adopted approach has proven to be a useful decision support tool to understand water resources planning challenges. Water managers require such reliable tools to represent the basin's water trade-offs. Thus, additional investigation to improve the representation of groundwater/surface water interaction approaches is required to enhance the evaluation of the consequences of different uses, especially in arid and semi-arid regions with significant water stress such as Souss. A conceptual framework as well as a detailed discussion have been produced in order to guide efficient water management and governance

Effect of germ cell depletion on levels of specific mRNA transcripts in mouse Sertoli cells and Leydig cells

It has been shown that testicular germ cell development is critically dependent upon somatic cell activity but, conversely, the extent to which germ cells normally regulate somatic cell function is less clear. This study was designed, therefore, to examine the effect of germ cell depletion on Sertoli cell and Leydig cell transcript levels. Mice were treated with busulphan to deplete the germ cell population and levels of mRNA transcripts encoding 26 Sertoli cell-specific proteins and 6 Leydig cell proteins were measured by real-time PCR up to 50 days after treatment. Spermatogonia were lost from the testis between 5 and 10 days after treatment, while spermatocytes were depleted after 10 days and spermatids after 20 days. By 30 days after treatment, most tubules were devoid of germ cells. Circulating FSH and intratesticular testosterone were not significantly affected by treatment. Of the 26 Sertoli cell markers tested, 13 showed no change in transcript levels after busulphan treatment, 2 showed decreased levels, 9 showed increased levels and 2 showed a biphasic response. In 60% of cases, changes in transcript levels occurred after the loss of the spermatids. Levels of mRNA transcripts encoding Leydig cell-specific products related to steroidogenesis were unaffected by treatment. Results indicate (1) that germ cells play a major and widespread role in the regulation of Sertoli cell activity, (2) most changes in transcript levels are associated with the loss of spermatids and (3) Leydig cell steroidogenesis is largely unaffected by germ cell ablation