Molecular Diagnostics in the Mycosphaerella Leaf Spot Disease Complex of Banana and for Radopholus similis

Mycosphaerella leaf spots and nematodes threaten banana cultivation worldwide. The Mycosphaerella disease complex involves three related ascomycetous fungi: Mycosphaerella fijiensis, M. musicola and M. eumusae. The exact distribution of these three species and their disease epidemiology remain unclear, since their symptoms and life cycles are rather similar. Diagnosing these diseases and the respective causal agents is based on the presence of host symptoms and fungal fruiting structures, but is time consuming and not conducive to preventive management. In the present study, we developed rapid and robust species-specific diagnostic tools to detect and quantify M. fijiensis, M. musicola and M. eumusae. Conventional species-specific PCR primers were developed based on the actin gene that detected as little as 100, 1 and 10 pg/µl DNA from, respectively, M. fijiensis, M. musicola and M. eumusae. Furthermore, TaqMan real-time quantitative PCR assays that were developed based on the ß-tubulin gene detected quantities as low as 1 pg/µl DNA of each species from pure cultures and 1.6 pg/µl DNA/mg of M. fijiensis from dry leaf tissue. The efficacy of the tests was validated using naturally infected banana leaves. Similar technology has been used to develop a quantitative PCR assay for the banana burrowing nematode, Radopholus similis, which is currently being validate

Densitometry and Thermometry of Starburst Galaxies

With a goal toward deriving the physical conditions in external galaxies, we present a survey of formaldehyde (H2CO) and ammonia (NH3) emission and absorption in a sample of starburst galaxies using the Green Bank Telescope. By extending well-established techniques used to derive the spatial density in star formation regions in our own Galaxy, we show how the relative intensity of the 1(10)-1(11) and 2(11)-2(12) K-doublet transitions of H2CO can provide an accurate densitometer for the active star formation environments found in starburst galaxies (c.f. Mangum et al. 2008). Similarly, we employ the well-established technique of using the relative intensities of the (1,1), (2,2), and (4,4) transitions of NH3 to derive the kinetic temperature in starburst galaxies. Our measurements of the kinetic temperature constrained spatial density in our starburst galaxy sample represent the first mean density measurements made toward starburst galaxies. We note a disparity between kinetic temperature measurements derived assuming direct coupling to dust and those derived from our NH3 measurements which points to the absolute need for direct gas kinetic temperature measurements using an appropriate molecular probe. Finally, our spatial density measurements point to a rough constancy to the spatial density (10^{4.5} to 10^{5.5} cm^{-3}) in our starburst galaxy sample. This implies that the Schmidt-Kennicutt relation between L_{IR} and M_{dense}: (1) Is a measure of the dense gas mass reservoir available to form stars, and (2) Is not directly dependent upon a higher average density driving the star formation process in the most luminous starburst galaxies.Comment: 4 pages, to appear in proceedings of The 5th Zermatt ISM Symposiu

Identification and geographic distribution of genetic groups of Erysiphe necator in Chilean vineyards

The grapevine powdery mildew, caused by the biotrophic fungus Erysiphe necator, is one of the most important diseases of this crop in Chile. We converted existing single nucleotide polymorphisms in β-tubulin, rDNA intergenic spacer region 1 and eburicol 14-α-demethylase into three cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS). These CAPS markers were used for the genetic characterization of Erysiphe necator isolates collected on clusters of Vitis vinifera cv. 'Cabernet Sauvignon' in 23 vineyards across Chile. Among the 105 Chilean isolates analyzed, 103 revealed to belong to genetic group B and 2 to genetic group A. These results correspond to the first report of the presence of genetic groups A and B of E. necator in Chile

Distorted cyclotron line profile in Cep X-4 as observed by NuSTAR

We present spectral analysis of NuSTAR and Swift observations of Cep X-4 during its outburst in 2014. We observed the source once during the peak of the outburst and once during the decay, finding good agreement in the spectral shape between the observations. We describe the continuum using a powerlaw with a Fermi-Dirac cutoff at high energies. Cep X-4 has a very strong cyclotron resonant scattering feature (CRSF) around 30 keV. A simple absorption-like line with a Gaussian optical depth or a pseudo-Lorentzian profile both fail to describe the shape of the CRSF accurately, leaving significant deviations at the red side of the line. We characterize this asymmetry with a second absorption feature around 19 keV. The line energy of the CRSF, which is not influenced by the addition of this feature, shows a small but significant positive luminosity dependence. With luminosities between (1-6)e36 erg/s, Cep X-4 is below the theoretical limit where such a correlation is expected. This behavior is similar to Vela X-1 and we discuss parallels between the two systems.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure, accepted for publication in ApJ letter

Recovery of acetoclastic activity in anaerobic granular sludge, monitored by methanogenic activity measurements and image analysis

The specific acetoclastic activity (SAA) of anaerobic granular sludge was recovered in a lab scale EGSB reactor. The inoculum presented a very low acetoclastic activity (0.81+/-2.48mg COD-CH4/gVSS.day). Ethanol was fed at a COD concentration of 1.5g/L, as sole organic carbon source to promote the biogas production through the hydrogenophilic pathway. During the operation period the specific methanogenic activity (SMA)1 in the presence of acetate, propionate, butyrate, ethanol and H2/CO2, and the biomass morphology were quantified. The SAA steadily increased as expected by the reactor performance, achieving a value of 183+/-13mg COD-CH4/gVSS.day at day 108. From the SMA results it was suggested that, until day 62, the initial methane production rate was dominated by the hydrogenotrophic population and afterwards, the developed acetoclastic activity started to play a role in the initial methane production from ethanol. Until day 62 the ratio between the filaments length and aggregates projected area (LfA)2 increased due to the breakdown of granules inside the reactor, after that decreased and granules development was simultaneous with the increase of the SAA. Percentage of aggregates in size range 0.1 to 1mm (equivalent diameter) increased until day 40 due to granules fragmentation. When the system achieved a steady state, the aggregates size increased

Análisis de imagen para la cuantificación de cambios morfológicos en biomasa granular, inducidos por la presencia de nitrato en reactores EGSB

Cuatro reactores EGSB (R1-R4) fueron operados a velocidades de carga orgánica de 10 kgCOD/(m³.d), tiempos de retención hidráulicos de 3.6 h, velocidades superficiales de 10 m/h y diferentes concentraciones de nitrato a la entrada, 0, 20, 60 y 100 mgN-NO3-/L en R1, R2, R3 and R4, respectivamente. Después de 20 días de operación continua, la biomasa granular fue caracterizada en términos de: (i) morfología por análisis de imagen cuantitativo; (ii) actividad metanogénica específica en presencia de acetato, butirato, propionato, etanol y una mezcla gaseosa de H2CO2; velocidad de sedimentación. El parámetro LfA, definido como el cuociente entre la longitud total de filamentos y el área total proyectada, fue determinado y se observó que es suficientemente sensible para la cuantificación de diferencias morfológicas inducidas por la presencia de nitrato. Aunque el crecimiento de estructuras filamentosas en la superficie de los gránulos fue evidente, no hubo una disminución notable en la velocidad de sedimentación de los gránulos, probablemente porque durante el período de operación los gránulos crecieron en tamaño. En el reactor R4 se observó un mayor washout que en R1, R2 y R3.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT

Application of quantum-inspired generative models to small molecular datasets

Quantum and quantum-inspired machine learning has emerged as a promising and challenging research field due to the increased popularity of quantum computing, especially with near-term devices. Theoretical contributions point toward generative modeling as a promising direction to realize the first examples of real-world quantum advantages from these technologies. A few empirical studies also demonstrate such potential, especially when considering quantum-inspired models based on tensor networks. In this work, we apply tensor-network-based generative models to the problem of molecular discovery. In our approach, we utilize two small molecular datasets: a subset of $4989$ molecules from the QM9 dataset and a small in-house dataset of $516$ validated antioxidants from TotalEnergies. We compare several tensor network models against a generative adversarial network using different sample-based metrics, which reflect their learning performances on each task, and multiobjective performances using $3$ relevant molecular metrics per task. We also combined the output of the models and demonstrate empirically that such a combination can be beneficial, advocating for the unification of classical and quantum(-inspired) generative learning.Comment: First versio