Ground Heave Due to Jet Grouting Near an Existing Structure

Renovations of the MBTA Copley Station in Boston included construction of a new elevator shaft to improve disabled access to the existing Green Line station. The site is immediately adjacent to the Eastern façade of the historic Old South Church. The construction work required excavation support including a perimeter secant pile wall and a jet-grouted base plug. Significant ground and structural movements were observed during jet grouting, mainly associated with soil displacements during grout injection. A three dimensional numerical model was developed, using the Plaxis 3D Foundation™ program, in order to test the hypothesis that the observed movements of the structure could be associated with the installation of the jet grout piles. The amount of volume expansion associated with installation of jet grout piles is estimated based by calibrating the model to measured ground movements. The finite element model results give a consistent explanation for the observed pattern of movements, including the heave of the church wall and lateral displacements at inclinometers located within the vicinity of the structure, measured at the time when damage occurred. The model assumes there is a vertical line of weakness in the masonry, representative of a pre-existing structural crack, as observed by structural investigations; and hence, confirms the underlying mechanical hypothesis for the source of ground movements

A História da Alimentação: balizas historiográficas

Os M. pretenderam traçar um quadro da História da Alimentação, não como um novo ramo epistemológico da disciplina, mas como um campo em desenvolvimento de práticas e atividades especializadas, incluindo pesquisa, formação, publicações, associações, encontros acadêmicos, etc. Um breve relato das condições em que tal campo se assentou faz-se preceder de um panorama dos estudos de alimentação e temas correia tos, em geral, segundo cinco abardagens Ia biológica, a econômica, a social, a cultural e a filosófica!, assim como da identificação das contribuições mais relevantes da Antropologia, Arqueologia, Sociologia e Geografia. A fim de comentar a multiforme e volumosa bibliografia histórica, foi ela organizada segundo critérios morfológicos. A seguir, alguns tópicos importantes mereceram tratamento à parte: a fome, o alimento e o domínio religioso, as descobertas européias e a difusão mundial de alimentos, gosto e gastronomia. O artigo se encerra com um rápido balanço crítico da historiografia brasileira sobre o tema

A transcriptomics approach uncovers novel roles for poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in the basal defense response in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Pharmacological inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) or loss of Arabidopsis thaliana PARG1 (poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase) disrupt a subset of plant defenses. In the present study we examined the impact of altered poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation on early gene expression induced by the microbe-associate molecular patterns (MAMPs) flagellin (flg22) and EF-Tu (elf18). Stringent statistical analyses and filtering identified 178 genes having MAMP-induced mRNA abundance patterns that were altered by either PARP inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide (3AB) or PARG1 knockout. From the identified set of 178 genes, over fifty Arabidopsis T-DNA insertion lines were chosen and screened for altered basal defense responses. Subtle alterations in callose deposition and/or seedling growth in response to those MAMPs were observed in knockouts of At3g55630 (FPGS3, a cytosolic folylpolyglutamate synthetase), At5g15660 (containing an F-box domain), At1g47370 (a TIR-X (Toll-Interleukin Receptor domain)), and At5g64060 (a predicted pectin methylesterase inhibitor). Over-represented GO terms for the gene expression study included "innate immune response" for elf18/parg1, highlighting a subset of elf18-activated defense-associated genes whose expression is altered in parg1 plants. The study also allowed a tightly controlled comparison of early mRNA abundance responses to flg22 and elf18 in wild-type Arabidopsis, which revealed many differences. The PARP inhibitor 3-methoxybenzamide (3MB) was also used in the gene expression profiling, but pleiotropic impacts of this inhibitor were observed. This transcriptomics study revealed targets for further dissection of MAMP-induced plant immune responses, impacts of PARP inhibitors, and the molecular mechanisms by which poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation regulates plant responses to MAMPs

Treatment hurts: Lay theories of graded exposure in the treatment of four anxiety disorders

Objective: This paper concerned the perceived suffering/side effects caused by various well-known treatments for personal problems. It looked at whether people understood whether potentially painful treatments that confront negative aversive affect were effective or not. Method: In total, 106 participants completed a long questionnaire assessing the 'psychological pain' ratings of 30 psychotherapy treatments, varying in fear exposure, for four relatively common anxiety disorders: social phobia, agoraphobia, post-traumatic stress disorder, and obsessive compulsive disorder. Results: Factor analytic results revealed four clear factors underlying lay efficacy beliefs of psychotherapy interventions, varying in fear exposure: talking therapies, fear confrontation, fear avoidance, and alternative therapies. Talking therapies were rated the most effective across all disorders, but also the most painful. Fear avoidance therapies were rated the least effective and, along with alternative medicine, the least painful. Treatments involving fear exposure were rated the most painful. Regression analysis revealed talking therapies to be rated more efficacious by younger subjects than older subjects. Conclusion: Most people seem able to differentiate between the efficacies of interventions for different anxiety disorders and hold consensually held optimistic conceptions about the usefulness of psychotherapy treatments and counseling that involve fear exposure, despite knowledge of the psychophysical side effects that these therapies often entail. They favored talking cures over others, but that may have been due to misleading items in the questionnaire. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC

Experimental design.

<p><b>A.</b> Three biological replicate pools of 48 ten day-old wild-type (Col-0) seedlings were pre-treated for two hours with either 3AB, 3-MB, or vehicle (DMSO), and then treated for one hour with either flg22 flagellin peptide or sterile H₂O. <b>B.</b> Three biological replicate pools of 48 ten day-old wild-type (Col-0) or <i>parg1-2</i> knockout seedlings were treated for one hour with either elf18 EF-TU peptide or sterile H₂O.</p

Seedling growth inhibition assay.

<p>Five-day-old seedlings of the indicated genotypes were treated with 0.05uM (low) or 1.0uM (high) flg22 peptide and grown for an additional 14 d. Fresh seedlings weights were then recorded and normalized to the average untreated weight within each genotype. A. Pectin methylesterase inhibitor (<i>PMEI</i>) (At5g64640) knockouts versus untreated, three (<i>pmei-1</i>) and four (<i>pmei-2</i>) biological replicates of 12 seedlings per treatment. B. F-box domain-containing gene (At5g15660) knockouts versus untreated, three (<i>f-box-1</i>) and two (<i>f-box-2</i>) biological replicates of 12 seedlings each. C. <i>Folylpolygutamate synthetase 3 (FPGS3)</i> (At3g55630) knockout versus untreated, three biological replicates. D. TIR-X domain-containing gene (At1g47370), three biological replicates. Asterisks summarize ANOVA results across all experiments for tests of similarity of means between the mutant genotype and wild-type plants treated with the same concentration of flg22. E. <i>FPGS1</i> (At5g05980), <i>FPGS2</i> (At3g10160), and <i>FPGS3</i> (At3g55630) versus untreated, three biological replicates. (Tukey's simultaneous test: * <i>P</i> < 0.05; **<i>P</i> < 0.005; no asterisk, <i>P</i> > 0.05).</p

Gene ontology over-representation in genes differentially regulated by either flg22 or elf18.

<p>Gene ontology over-representation in genes differentially regulated by either flg22 or elf18.</p

Hierarchical clustering of expression patterns for all 30,387 genes present on 1-plex Nimblegen <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> array.

<p>Standardized transcript abundances (mean = 0, standard deviation = 1) for three biological replicates of nine treatments (Col-0 untreated, Col-0 + flg22, Col-0 + 3AB, Col-0 + 3MB, Col-0 + flg22 + 3AB, Col-0 + flg22 + 3MB, Col-0 + elf18, <i>parg1-2</i> untreated, and <i>parg1-2</i> + elf18) were used to determine Euclidean distances between treatments and genes, represented by the left and top dendrograms, respectively. f = 1μM flg22, e = 1μM elf18, A = 2.5mM 3-aminobenzmide (3AB), M = 2.5mM 3-methoxybenzamide (3MB), C = Col-0 (wild-type), p = <i>parg1-2</i>.</p

Elf18-regulated genes broken by <i>parg1-2</i> knockout that are involved in innate immunity.

<p>Elf18-regulated genes broken by <i>parg1-2</i> knockout that are involved in innate immunity.</p

Hierarchical clustering of gene products whose regulation by MAMPs are broken or misregulated by PARP inhibitor or <i>parg1-2</i> knockout.

<p><b>A, C</b>, Hierarchical clustering of transcript abundance for MAMP-regulated genes identified (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0190268#pone.0190268.g003" target="_blank">Fig 3</a>) as exhibiting broken or misregulated expression due to 3AB treatment (A, n = 102) or due to <i>parg1-2</i> mutation (C, n = 78). Each column represents a single gene and each row a single treatment (all treatments replicated three times); gene abundances standardized to mean = 0, standard deviation = 1.0; red = more abundant, blue = less abundant. Clustering was performed by calculating Euclidean distances on columns, using average linkage scores. <b>B, D</b>, Average transcript abundance (y-axis) for each treatment (x-axis), for each gene within the designated color-coded clusters shown at the top of A and C. Red lines denote overall mean mRNA abundance for all genes within the cluster, and grayscale lines represent each individual gene within the cluster.</p