25 research outputs found

    Assessment of hydrocephalus in children based on digital image processing and analysis

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    Hydrocephalus is a pathological condition of the central nervous system which often affects neonates and young children. It manifests itself as an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricular system of the brain with its subsequent progression. One of the most important diagnostic methods of identifying hydrocephalus is Computer Tomography (CT). The enlarged ventricular system is clearly visible on CT scans. However, the assessment of the disease progress usually relies on the radiologist鈥檚 judgment and manual measurements, which are subjective, cumbersome and have limited accuracy. Therefore, this paper regards the problem of semi-automatic assessment of hydrocephalus using image processing and analysis algorithms. In particular, automated determination of popular indices of the disease progress is considered. Algorithms for the detection, semi-automatic segmentation and numerical description of the lesion are proposed. Specifically, the disease progress is determined using shape analysis algorithms. Numerical results provided by the introduced methods are presented and compared with those calculated manually by a radiologist and a trained operator. The comparison proves the correctness of the introduced approach

    POPRAWA JAKO艢CI OBRAZ脫W TOMOGRAFICZNYCH O NISKIEJ DAWCE PROMIENIOWANIA

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    In this paper the problem of enhancement of low-dose CT scans was considered. In particular, popular pre-processing algorithms (such as anisotropic diffusion filter, non-local means filter, mean-shift filter) were tested and analyzed. The assessment of image quality improvement was performed based on the artificially generated artifacts, similar to those appearing in low-dose CT scans . Their effectiveness was investigated using the image quality measures, such as the mean square error and the structural similarity index.W artykule rozwa偶ono problem poprawy jako艣ci obraz贸w z tomografu komputerowego, uzyskanych z wykorzystaniem niskich dawek promieniowania. W szczeg贸lno艣ci, przetestowano popularne algorytmy przetwarzania wst臋pnego (m.in. algorytm filtracji anizotropowej, 艣rednich nielokalnych, przesuni臋cia do 艣redniej) oraz przeanalizowano skuteczno艣膰 ich dzia艂ania. Oceny jako艣ci poprawy dokonano w oparciu o sztucznie wygenerowane zak艂贸cenia, symuluj膮ce artefakty towarzysz膮ce w obrazach TK niskim dawkom promieniowania. Do ilo艣ciowego por贸wnania stopnia poprawy jako艣ci wykorzystano takie miary, jak b艂膮d 艣redniokwadratowy oraz indeks strukturalnego podobie艅stwa

    Application of flow cytometry to immunohematological tests of red blood cells

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    Flow cytometry (FC) has been primarily applied to the diagnosis of hematological malignancies, and thereafter, to detection and quantification of CD34+ cells in bone marrow transplants, and granulocytes in neutropenias and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). In PNH and hereditary spherocytosis, changes in some of the erythrocyte membrane proteins are tested (CD59, CD55, and band 3). The purpose of this paper is to focus on the use of FC in RBC testing. With anti-D, -HbF, and -CA (carbonic anhydrase), we can detect RhD+, HbF+, and CA- fetal RBCs in the maternal RhD-, HbF-, and CA+ blood sample. Obtained results allow to select the appropriate dose of anti-D Ig in the RhD prophylaxis of feto-maternal incompatibility, or to detect the cause of fetal anemia. Expression of antigens and their weak variants, and concentration of specific antibodies, can also be assessed. It is possible to observe changes in selected CD molecules during storage of RBC units. If RBCs for transfusion are unavailable, due to patient's unusual antibody specificity, some of the available RBCs are opsonised, and then phagocytosis with the recipient monocytes is assessed. The microscopic time-consuming and subjective assay is usually used. Stained CD14+ monocytes and CD235a+ erythrocytes are visible on cytograms as well as their interaction. It makes evaluation of phagocytosis easier and objective. Microparticles of RBCs released during storage are also detected. They are 235a+. In differentiation of hemolysis causes, it is important to measure osmotic fragility, and that can be also achieved using FC. Flow cytometry should be applied to immunohematological testing of red blood cells more often than now

    THERMO-WET - skomputeryzowany system pomiarowy w艂asno艣ci fizyko-chemicznych wybranych materia艂贸w w wysokich temperaturach

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    W artykule przedstawiono skomputeryzowany system do pomiaru w艂asno艣ci fizyczno-chemicznych (k膮t zwil偶ania, napi臋cie powierzchniowe) wybranych materia艂贸w w wysokotemperaturowych procesach przemian fazowych. Zastosowanie w om贸wionym systemie, specjalnie opracowanych metod przetwarzania i analizy obraz贸w, pozwoli艂o na uzyskanie wi臋kszej dok艂adno艣ci oraz powtarzalno艣ci pomiar贸w, ni偶 w systemach stosowanych obecnie. Przedstawiona zosta艂a historia stanowiska oraz aktualnie prowadzone prace rozwojowe

    Feto-maternal haemorrhage assessment in a woman with a large population of red blood cells containing fetal haemoglobin

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    Background: FMH quantification is necessary to calculate an individual dose of prophylactic anti-RhD immunoglobulin and to diagnose fetal anaemia causes. We encountered a healthy woman with a numerous RBCs containing fetal haemoglobin (HbF). Aims: To investigate the cause of this sign and the correct evaluation of fetal RBCs in maternal circulation. Materials and Methods: Patient鈥檚 samples and artificial mixtures were tested by microscopic Kleihaur-Betke (KB) and flow cytometric (FC) tests with anti-HbF + anti-CA (carbonic anhydrase), and with anti-D. The patient鈥檚 blood count with reticulocyte parameters, and concentration of bilirubin, haptoglobin, iron, transferrin, ferritin, hepcidin, sTR, HbF, HbA2 were measured. Genes coding the 尾- and 纬-globin were sequenced. Results: It was impossible to distinguish the population of fetal and maternal HbF positive cells using KBT and FC with anti-HbF. Application of anti-CA and anti-D allowed to separate them. Maternal blood haematological and biochemical parameters were normal but HbF was 3.3% of total Hb concentration (norma

    Nowoczesne metody segmentacji obraz贸w w wybranych przemys艂owych i medycznych systemach wizyjnych

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    Red. Dzia艂u : Wodzi艅ski, PiotrW rozprawie przedstawiono podsumowanie dotychczasowych prac autorki dotycz膮cych problemu segmentacji obraz贸w cyfrowych. Om贸wione zagadnienia dotycz膮 zar贸wno opracowania nowoczesnych algorytm贸w dedykowanych rozwa偶anemu problemowi, jak r贸wnie偶 ich zastosowania i weryfikacji w rzeczywistych aplikacjach system贸w wizyjnych z dziedziny przemys艂u oraz medycyny. W szczeg贸lno艣ci, zagadnienia referowane w rozprawie dotycz膮 czterech zasadniczych problem贸w, kt贸rymi s膮: wykorzystanie teorii graf贸w w segmentacji obraz贸w, wykorzystanie teorii b艂膮dzenia przypadkowego w segmentacji obraz贸w, zastosowanie technik subpikselowych do poprawy odwzorowania kszta艂tu obiekt贸w w procesie segmentacji oraz wykorzystanie procesu dyfuzji do sterowania przebiegiem segmentacji obraz贸w. W pierwszej kolejno艣ci skupiono si臋 na najnowszych technikach grafowych stosowanych w segmentacji obraz贸w. Przedstawiono ich charakterystyk臋, przeanalizowano s艂abe strony oraz zaproponowano dwa autorskie rozwi膮zania, pozwalaj膮ce na eliminacj臋 wskazanych wad. Nast臋pnie rozwa偶ano algorytm random wa/ker oparty na teorii b艂膮dzenia przypadkowego. Zaproponowano spos贸b po艂膮czenia tej metody z prowadzonym w trzech wymiarach rozrostem obszaru, w taki spos贸b, aby skutecznie dokonywa膰 segmentacji danych wolumetrycznych i jednocze艣nie unika膰 wyciek贸w spowodowanych nieci膮g艂o艣ci膮 kraw臋dzi poddawanych segmentacji obiekt贸w. Znacz膮c膮 cz臋艣膰 rozprawy po艣wi臋cono r贸wnie偶 problemowi zastosowania subpikselowych metod przetwarzania i analizy obraz贸w w procesie segmentacji. Dokonano obszernego przegl膮du istniej膮cych metod z tej grupy oraz przeanalizowano ich przydatno艣膰 w procesie segmentacji obraz贸w. Zaproponowano autorskie rozwi膮zanie dedykowane segmentacji obraz贸w z subpikselow膮 precyzj膮. Ostatecznie rozwa偶ono mo偶liwo艣膰 po艂膮czenia anizotropowej filtracji obraz贸w opartej na procesie dyfuzji z segmentacj膮 poprzez rozrost obszaru. W konsekwencji, opracowano uniwersalny algorytm, kt贸ry pozwala na poprawn膮 segmentacj臋 struktur o w艂osowatym kszta艂cie. Wszystkie zaprezentowane w rozprawie algorytmy segmentacji obraz贸w zaimplementowano, a ich poprawno艣膰 zweryfikowano poprzez zastosowanie w rzeczywistych systemach pomiarowych, reprezentuj膮cych trzy zasadniczo r贸偶ne dziedziny, tj.: metalurgi臋, w艂贸kiennictwo oraz medycyn臋. Nale偶y r贸wnie偶 podkre艣li膰, 偶e rozprawa jest pierwszym tak obszernym opracowaniem, po艣wi臋conym innym ni偶 tradycyjne metodom segmentacji obraz贸w cyfrowych.The dissertation summarizes results of author's research on digital image segmentation. The discussed issues concern both the development of modern algorithms dedicated to the regarded problem as well as their application and verification in a real-world vision systems from the field of industry and medicine. In particular the issues referred in the dissertation relate to the four main problems, namely: the use of graph theoretical methods in image segmentation, the application of random walk theory in image segmentation, the use of subpixel techniques for increasing accuracy of image segmentation and the application of the diffusion process for controlling image segmentation. Firstly, the latest graph based methods for image segmentation were regarded. Their characteristics were presented and their weaknesses were analyzed. As a result, two author's methods were presented which allowed for elimination of the identified weaknesses. Next, the random wa/ker algorithm was considered. The new approach based on the random walks theory and region growing was proposed. The introduced method is dedicated to effective segmentation of volumetric images and allows to avoid leakages caused by a weak boundaries of the segmented objects. A significant part of the dissertation was also devoted to the problem of application of subpixel methods of image processing and analysis in image segmentation. The exhaustive review of the existing subpixel methods was provided and their usefulness in image segmentation was examined. The author's algorithm for image segmentation with subpixel precision was proposed. Finally, the possibility to combine diffusion-based image anisotropic filtering with region growing segmentation was regarded. As a result, a new universal method for segmentation of flow-like, capillary objects was introduced. All image segmentation algorithms proposed in the dissertation were implemented. Their correctness and accuracy were positively verified in the real-world measurement systems, representing three different fields, namely: metallurgy, textiles and medicine. It should also be underlined, that the dissertation is the first one, such exhaustive study devoted to other than the traditional ones image segmentation algorithms

    Nowe podej艣cie do usuwania szumu na drodze filtracji medianowej

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    Tyt. z nag艂贸wka.Bibliogr. s. 73.Dost臋pny r贸wnie偶 w formie drukowanej.STRESZCZENIE: W artykule przedstawiono algorytm usuwania szumu ostrzowego oparty na filtrze medianowym. Zaproponowany algorytm dzia艂a w dw贸ch podstawowych etapach: w pierwszym etapie budowane s膮 mapy lokalnych ekstrem贸w wskazuj膮ce na punkty, kt贸rych jasno艣膰 powinna zosta膰 zmieniona, w drugim etapie dzia艂ania algorytmu. Przeprowadzono gruntown膮 analiz膮 algorytmu. S艁OWA KLUCZOWE: Przetwarzanie obraz贸w, filtracja obraz贸w, filtr medianowy. ABSTRACT: In the paper, algorithm for removal of noise was presented. Proposed algorithm is based on median filter and it works in two stages: in the first stage, there is built map of point, which brightness level should be changed in the second stage. Deep analysis of the algorithm was provided. KEYWORDS: image processing, image filtering, median filter
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