An approach to Young’s modulus determination for atomic-force microscope with interferometric cantilever-deflection system

Interferometric optical deflection system is used in atomic-force microscopes with a closed cycle cryostat for low temperature measurements. A conventional interpretation of force-distance curve for Young’s modulus determination could not e applied in this case. For this purpose another approach for Young’s modulus determination was developed

"Зелений" синтез етилових естерів 4-гідрокси-2-оксо-1,2-дигідрохінолін-3-карбонових кислот

One of the most convenient methods for obtaining ethyl of N-substituted 4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylates and their tricyclic analogues at present is condensation of the corresponding anilines with triethyl methanetricarboxylate. In spite of the fact that there are many methods describing the successful performance of this reaction in conditions of laboratory, but unfortunately, all of them appeared to be completely unusable for large production for a variety of reasons. The study of quality of the esters of 4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acids by HPLC has shown that all of them contain from 2.4 to 5.6% of specific admixtures of 4-hydroxy-1,2-dihydroquinolin- 2-ones. In laboratory conditions these amounts can be neglected, but for industrial manufacture they can turn into great losses. The source of admixtures of 4-hydroxy-1,2-dihydroquinolin-2-ones appearing in crude esters can be only the esters themselves. It is obvious that ester grouping is partially destroyed not in the process of separation of the final products, but during the course of the basic reaction. It has been experimentally proven that the cause of contamination of the target products with the admixtures of the corresponding 4-hydroxy-1,2-dihydroquinolin-2-ones is water, which is present in reagents. Applying the principles of «green chemistry» the alternative for carrying out the syntheses of ethyl 4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylates adapted for industrial manufacture has been suggested on the basis of N-substituted anilines and triethyl methanetricarboxylate.Одним из наиболее удобных способов получения этиловых эфиров N-замещённых 4-гидрокси-2-оксо-1,2-дигидрохинолин-3-карбоновых кислот и их трициклических аналогов в настоящее время остаётся конденсация соответствующих анилинов с триэтилметантрикарбоксилатом. Несмотря на то, что методов успешного проведения этой реакции в лабораторных условиях описано достаточно много, все они, к сожалению, по разным причинам оказались совершенно непригодными для крупного производства. Изучение качества получаемых сложных эфиров 4-гидрокси-2-оксо-1,2-дигидрохинолин-3-карбоновых кислот методом ВЭЖХ показало, что все они содержат от 2,4 до 5,6% специфических примесей 4-гидрокси-1,2-дигидрохинолин-2-онов. В лабораторной практике этими количествами можно пренебречь, но для промышленного производства они могут обернуться значительными потерями. Источником появления в неочищенных эфирах примесей 4-гидрокси-1,2-дигидрохинолин-2-онов могут быть только сами эти эфиры. Очевидно сложноэфирная группировка частично разрушается не при выделении конечных продуктов, а ещё в процессе проведения основной реакции. Экспериментально доказано, что причиной загрязнения целевых продуктов примесями соответствующих 4-гидрокси-1,2-дигидрохинолин-2-онов является присутствующая в реагентах вода. Руководствуясь принципами «зелёной химии», мы предложили адаптированный под промышленное производство вариант проведения синтезов этиловых эфиров 4-гидрокси-2-оксо-1,2-дигидрохинолин-3-карбоновых кислот на основе N-замещённых анилинов и триэтилметантрикарбоксилата.Одним з найбільш зручних способів одержання етилових естерів N-заміщених 4-гідрокси-2-оксо-1,2-дигідрохінолін-3-карбонових кислот та їх трициклічних аналогів на теперішній час залишається конденсація відповідних анілінів з триетилметантрикарбоксилатом. Незважаючи на те, що методів успішного проведення цієї реакції в лабораторних умовах описано досить багато, всі вони, на жаль, з різних причин виявились зовсім непридатними для масштабного виробництва. Вивчення якості одержуваних естерів 4-гідрокси-2- оксо-1,2-дигідрохінолін-3-карбонових кислот методом ВЕРХ показало, що всі вони містять від 2,4 до 5,6% специфічних домішок 4-гідрокси-1,2-дигідрохінолін-2-онів. У лабораторній практиці такими кількостями можна знехтувати, але для промислового виробництва вони можуть обернутися значними втратами. Джерелом появи в неочищених естерах домішок 4-гідрокси-1,2-дигідрохінолін-2-онів можуть бути тільки самі ці естери. Очевидно естерне угрупування частково розкладається не при виділенні кінцевих продуктів, а ще в процесі проведення основної реакції. Експериментально доведено, що причиною забруднення цільових продуктів специфічними домішками відповідних 4-гідрокси-1,2-дигідрохінолін-2-онів є присутня в реагентах вода. Керуючись принципами «зеленої хімії», ми запропонували адаптований під промислове виробництво варіант проведення синтезів етилових естерів 4-гідрокси-2-оксо-1,2-дигідрохінолін-3-карбонових кислот на основі N-заміщених анілінів та триетилметантрикарбоксилату

Strategy formation development approaches of the regional scientific and educational cluster in the context of spatial development of territories

To ensure sustainable socio-economic development of the regions, it is necessary to select the main priorities when forming a strategy for the development and successful functioning of economic systems. In this regard, it  is important to search for new sources of innovative development, which can be achieved by forming various forms of cluster integration at the level of the Federation subjects, ensuring interaction between educational institutions, business structures, as well as state structures engaged in research and development activities located on the same territory. For effective functioning of the cluster, it is necessary to form a mutual interest of all interested participants. This makes it possible to effectively use organizational opportunities for the  development of territories and form a strategy for their development.The article considers approaches to developing a strategy for the formation of a regional scientific and  educational cluster as a new form of spatial organization of the economy at the regional level, which consists in  taking into account the strategic directions of development of the region and its territories based on the principles of system and process interaction. The role of cluster integration of science and education institutions in solving strategic tasks of socio-economic development of regions has been shown. The relationship between the strategic direction of development of regional scientific and educational cluster structures and the priorities of regional strategic development has been clarified and revealed. The sequence of formation of the strategy of the regional scientific and educational cluster, including analytical, functional-content and evaluation stages, has been established. The University complex, which is the “core” of creating a scientific and educational cluster in a regional economy, can be considered as the most promising form of optimizing the activities and development of higher educational institution. In this regard, this task becomes particularly relevant in the implementation of the concept of integration of the triad of production (business), science and education. The main elements of  the management system for the strategic development of a regional scientific and educational cluster  containing components of a content and tool subsystem have been proposed

Representative elementary volume via averaged scalar Minkowski functionals

Representative Elementary Volume (REV) at which the material properties do not vary with change in volume is an important quantity for making measurements or simulations which represent the whole. We discuss the geometrical method to evaluation of REV based on the quantities coming in the Steiner formula from convex geometry. For bodies in the three-space this formula gives us four scalar functionals known as scalar Minkowski functionals. We demonstrate on certain samples that the values of such averaged functionals almost stabilize for cells for which the length of edges are greater than certain threshold value R. Therefore, from this point of view, it is reasonable to consider cubes of volume R^3 as representative elementary volumes.Comment: 7 page

Clustering in light nuclei in fragmentation above 1 A GeV

The relativistic invariant approach is applied to analyzing the 3.3 A GeV $^{22}$Ne fragmentation in a nuclear track emulsion. New results on few-body dissociations have been obtained from the emulsion exposures to 2.1 A GeV $^{14}$N and 1.2 A GeV $^{9}$Be nuclei. It can be asserted that the use of the invariant approach is an effective means of obtaining conclusions about the behavior of systems involving a few He nuclei at a relative energy close to 1 MeV per nucleon. The first observations of fragmentation of 1.2 A GeV $^{8}$B and $^{9}$C nuclei in emulsion are described. The presented results allow one to justify the development of few-body aspects of nuclear astrophysics.Comment: 7 pages, 8 figures, 3 tables, Nuclear Physics in Astrophysics-2, 16-20 May, 2005 (ATOMKI), Debrecen, Hungar

Conceptual approach to the development of financial technologies in the context of digitalization of economic processes

The successful introduction of the digital economy into the information space of the Russian Federation involves the solution of several problems associated with the transition to a new paradigm of economic development based on the digitization of social and economic processes. At the same time, the existing regulatory mechanisms and legislation do not create optimal conditions for the development of the market of new financial instruments and technologies in Russia today. There are socio-economic risks, the key ones including an increase in the outflow of capital and innovative projects to other countries, a lack of confidence on the part of potential investors in new financial instruments, a decrease in the stability of traditional financial institutions. On this basis, the following tasks have been set in this article. To consider the terminology in the field of digital economy from the theoretical aspect; to identify trends and justify the need for digitalization of economic processes based on the use of new financial technologies; to reveal the informative characteristics of financial technologies promising for Russia. This article ends with a conclusion that the development of the digital economy in Russia is due to the need to ensure the information and economic security of the state, realize the potential of the new economy to improve the standard of living and national well-being through the introduction of innovative communication and financial technologies. The impact of the “digital economy” on socio-economic processes is multifaceted. It is sustainable and permeates all spheres of life, being an integral part of modern society.peer-reviewe

Risk control in modeling financial management systems of large corporations in the digital economy

Purpose: Growth in the uncertain business environment leads to the formation of demand for new institutional and legal conditions for the financial and investment strategies. The article discusses features of risk-oriented control in the context of digitalization. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study involves modern concepts of uncertainty theory and risk management solutions coupled with the analysis of factors affecting the system risk formation and development. Findings: Authors have developed the features of a modern global economic system, influencing risk formation and development, highlighted the prospects for the digitization of business systems and concluded that in terms of digitization interactive interagency cooperation of the real economy development support is main and required element of the Russian economic system's institutional matrix. Practical Implications: The research results may be implemented into financial management systems of large industrial corporations. Originality/Value: The main contribution of this study is the modern digitalization pattern affecting the financial systems'development.peer-reviewe

Double-spiral magnetic structure of the Fe/Cr multilayer revealed by nuclear resonance scattering

We have studied the magnetization depth profiles in a [57Fe(dFe)/Cr(dCr)]x30 multilayer with ultrathin Fe layers and nominal thickness of the chromium spacers dCr 2.0 nm using nuclear resonance scattering of synchrotron radiation. The presence of a broad pure-magnetic half-order (1/2) Bragg reflection has been detected at zero external field. The joint fit of the reflectivity curves and Mossbauer spectra of reflectivity measured near the critical angle and at the "magnetic" peak reveals that the magnetic structure of the multilayer is formed by two spirals, one in the odd and another one in the even iron layers, with the opposite signs of rotation. The double-spiral structure starts from the surface with the almost antiferromagnetic alignment of the adjacent Fe layers. The rotation of the two spirals leads to nearly ferromagnetic alignment of the two magnetic subsystems at some depth, where the sudden turn of the magnetic vectors by ~180 deg (spin-flop) appears, and both spirals start to rotate in opposite directions. The observation of this unusual double-spiral magnetic structure suggests that the unique properties of giant magneto-resistance devices can be further tailored using ultrathin magnetic layers.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figure

Fragmentation of relativistic nuclei in peripheral interactions in nuclear track emulsion

The technique of nuclear track emulsions is used to explore the fragmentation of light relativistic nuclei down to the most peripheral interactions - nuclear "white" stars. A complete pattern of therelativistic dissociation of a $^8$B nucleus with target fragment accompaniment is presented. Relativistic dissociation $^{9}$Be$\to2\alpha$ is explored using significant statistics and a relative contribution of $^{8}$Be decays from 0$^+$ and 2$^+$ states is established. Target fragment accompaniments are shown for relativistic fragmentation $^{14}$N$\to$3He+H and $^{22}$Ne$\to$5He. The leading role of the electromagnetic dissociation on heavy nuclei with respect to break-ups on target protons is demonstrated in all these cases. It is possible to conclude that the peripheral dissociation of relativistic nuclei in nuclear track emulsion is a unique tool to study many-body systems composed of lightest nuclei and nucleons in the energy scale relevant for nuclear astrophysics.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures, 4 tables, conference: Relativistic nuclear physics: from Nuclotron to LHC energies, Kiev, June 18-22, 200