La equidad en la distribución de oportunidades educativas en México. Un estudio con base en los datos del EXANI-I

La inequidad en la distribución de las oportunidades educativas que desde hace varios años ha sido detectada en México es uno de los rasgos que caracterizan el funcionamiento del sistema escolar de este país y es también uno de los grandes pendientes de su política educativa. Esta condición del sistema educativo tiene al menos dos dimensiones: Por un lado, la inequidad con la que se distribuyen las oportunidades de acceder y permanecer en el mismo; y por otro, la inequidad con la que se distribuyen las oportunidades de obtener rendimientos satisfactorios. De acuerdo con cifras que proporciona la Secretaría de Educación Pública (SEP), se ha avanzado de manera considerable en la solución de la primera dimensión del problema, sin embargo, estos logros no han venido acompañados con avances en la segunda. Utilizando modelos de regresión linear simple, a través del análisis inter-temporal del efecto de diversas variables socioeconómicas y sociodemográficas en el desempeño académico de los sustentantes del Examen Nacional de Ingreso a la Educación Media Superior (EXANI I); este trabajo muestra que sigue existiendo – e incluso tiende a aumentar – la inequidad con respecto a la distribución de las oportunidades de obtener rendimientos académicos satisfactorios al final de la educación secundaria

The relationship between cultural capital and the students’ perception of feedback across 75 countries: Evidence from PISA 2018

This paper employs Pierre Bourdieu's cultural capital theory to examine the extent to which students' cultural capital is related to teacher-student interaction in the context of feedback. The study uses PISA (2018) data to implement multilevel modelling for each participating country. The findings show that objectified and embodied components of cultural capital have a positive and statistically significant effect on students' perception of feedback across all countries. Institutionalised cultural capital, however, has no significant effect in most countries. Furthermore, the findings show that boys perceived receiving considerably more feedback than girls. Recommendations for future studies and implications for theory, practice and policy are discussed

Mixed Signals: Cognitive Skills, Qualifications and Earnings in an International Comparative Perspective

The relative importance of educational qualifications and cognitive skills forms an enduring debate in research on education and the labour market. While early work in human capital theory essentially equated qualifications and skills, signalling and screening theories provided a more nuanced distinction between the two, highlighting the importance of qualifications as a way of reducing uncertainty in hiring. Recent literature argues that most formal education is largely signalling that provides minimal productivity gains. This paper seeks to inform the debate on human capital and signalling theories by examining cross-national variation in how the qualifications and cognitive skills relate to earnings. Using data from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), we analyse variation in how cognitive skills (literacy, numeracy and problem-solving) and qualifications (secondary and higher education completion) relate to earnings. Although the contributions of qualifications tend to outweigh cognitive skills, the relative contributions of each factor vary considerably across countries. This variation suggests that high levels of signalling are not inevitable and may be explained by contextual differences in education systems and labour markets. Countries with more higher education attainment have lower levels of signalling and place higher premiums on cognitive skills

A Measurement Strategy for SDG Thematic Indicators 4.7.4 and 4.7.5 Using International Large Scale Assessments in Education

The aim of this document is to describe and implement a measurement strategy for the SDG Thematic Indicators 4.7.4 and 4.7.5 using International Large-Scale Assessments (ILSAs) in Education. Building on two reports previously published by the Global Alliance to Monitoring Learning (GAML) describing a proposal of a measurement strategy for these two indicators, we use items from Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) and the International Civic and Citizenship Education Survey (ICCS) to fit measurement models, generate scores, and propose a method to establish cutoff points for these indicators.This document is divided into four main sections. In the first one, we describe the methods and tools we used for constructing both the scores to measure each indicator and the cut-off points to identify the individuals who reach the corresponding targets. The second and the third sections correspond to the implementation of the proposed methodological procedures for each of the thematic indicators covered by this document and for their subscales. As a way of summarizing the full set of scores, the fourth section includes a set of tables showing the average percentage of students who reach cut-off points set for any sub-scale for each indicator

Mixed Signals: Cognitive Skills, Qualifications and Earnings in an International Comparative Perspective

The relative importance of educational qualifications and cognitive skills forms an enduring debate in research on education and the labour market. While early work in human capital theory essentially equated qualifications and skills, signalling and screening theories provided a more nuanced distinction between the two, highlighting the importance of qualifications as a way of reducing uncertainty in hiring. Recent literature argues that most formal education is largely signalling that provides minimal productivity gains. This paper seeks to inform the debate on human capital and signalling theories by examining cross-national variation in how the qualifications and cognitive skills relate to earnings. Using data from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), we analyse variation in how cognitive skills (literacy, numeracy and problem-solving) and qualifications (secondary and higher education completion) relate to earnings. Although the contributions of qualifications tend to outweigh cognitive skills, the relative contributions of each factor vary considerably across countries. This variation suggests that high levels of signalling are not inevitable and may be explained by contextual differences in education systems and labour markets. Countries with more higher education attainment have lower levels of signalling and place higher premiums on cognitive skills

Analysing PIAAC Data with the IDB Analyzer (SPSS and SAS)

This chapter provides readers with a step-by-step guide to performing both simple and complex analyses with data from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) using the IEA International Database (IDB) Analyzer. The IDB Analyzer is a Windows-based tool that generates SPSS and SAS syntax. Using this syntax, corresponding analyses can be conducted in SPSS and SAS. The chapter presents the data-merging module and the analysis module. Potential analyses with the IDB Analyzer are demonstrated—for example, the calculation of percentages, averages, proficiency levels, linear regression, correlations, and percentiles