Survey of Farmer Transportation Facilities, Needs and Uses

A statewide study of transportation facilities, needs and uses was begun in South Dakota, July 1, 1941, The study was initiated primarily because of the shortage of rubber and the threat of a nation-wide transportation shortage. Although the rubber situation seems to be easing somewhat, it is still very apparent that our transportation facilities must be conserved to the utmost in order to maintain our transportation system for the promotion of the war effort. Three phases of the transportation study which is being carried on in South Dakota, have previously been completed: namely, (1) the survey of creamery, produce, and oil routes in eight selected counties (2) survey of the transportation arrangements at livestock markets (3) a study of total in and out shipments and transportation arrangements in fourteen selected counties. A report has been made on the livestock marketing phase, and was issued as Agricultural Economics Pamphlet No. 4, and on the business firm phase issued as Agricultural Economics Pamphlet No. 5. The material presented in this report deals with the survey of farmer transportation facilities, needs and uses. The objectives as set up for this study are designed to show the following: (1) Extent of the transportation facilities owned by farmers (2) Condition of these facilities (3) Prospective transportation needs (4) Present arrangements for transportation (5) Regional differences in farmer transportation facilities and needs. The state was divided into four regions for the study in order to determine the extent to which the transportation needs and problems differed in different parts of the state. Data were received from eleven counties in the four regions. The counties and their respective locations are shown in Figure 1, Securing the data for this study has been made possible by the wholehearted cooperation of the county war board chairmen and the county extension agents who distributed the questionnaires among the farmers

Using a thermal-based two source energy balance model with time-differencing to estimate surface energy fluxes with day-night MODIS observations

The Dual Temperature Difference (DTD) model, introduced by Norman et al. (2000), uses a two source energy balance modelling scheme driven by remotely sensed observations of diurnal changes in land surface temperature (LST) to estimate surface energy fluxes. By using a time-differential temperature measurement as input, the approach reduces model sensitivity to errors in absolute temperature retrieval. The original formulation of the DTD required an early morning LST observation (approximately 1 h after sunrise) when surface fluxes are minimal, limiting application to data provided by geostationary satellites at sub-hourly temporal resolution. The DTD model has been applied primarily during the active growth phase of agricultural crops and rangeland vegetation grasses, and has not been rigorously evaluated during senescence or in forested ecosystems. In this paper we present modifications to the DTD model that enable applications using thermal observations from polar orbiting satellites, such as Terra and Aqua, with day and night overpass times over the area of interest. This allows the application of the DTD model in high latitude regions where large viewing angles preclude the use of geostationary satellites, and also exploits the higher spatial resolution provided by polar orbiting satellites. A method for estimating nocturnal surface fluxes and a scheme for estimating the fraction of green vegetation are developed and evaluated. Modification for green vegetation fraction leads to significantly improved estimation of the heat fluxes from the vegetation canopy during senescence and in forests. When the modified DTD model is run with LST measurements acquired with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on board the Terra and Aqua satellites, generally satisfactory agreement with field measurements is obtained for a number of ecosystems in Denmark and the United States. Finally, regional maps of energy fluxes are produced for the Danish Hydrological ObsErvatory (HOBE) in western Denmark, indicating realistic patterns based on land use

Mean field approach to antiferromagnetic domains in the doped Hubbard model

We present a restricted path integral approach to the 2D and 3D repulsive Hubbard model. In this approach the partition function is approximated by restricting the summation over all states to a (small) subclass which is chosen such as to well represent the important states. This procedure generalizes mean field theory and can be systematically improved by including more states or fluctuations. We analyze in detail the simplest of these approximations which corresponds to summing over states with local antiferromagnetic (AF) order. If in the states considered the AF order changes sufficiently little in space and time, the path integral becomes a finite dimensional integral for which the saddle point evaluation is exact. This leads to generalized mean field equations allowing for the possibility of more than one relevant saddle points. In a big parameter regime (both in temperature and filling), we find that this integral has {\em two} relevant saddle points, one corresponding to finite AF order and the other without. These degenerate saddle points describe a phase of AF ordered fermions coexisting with free, metallic fermions. We argue that this mixed phase is a simple mean field description of a variety of possible inhomogeneous states, appropriate on length scales where these states appear homogeneous. We sketch systematic refinements of this approximation which can give more detailed descriptions of the system.Comment: 14 pages RevTex, 6 postscript figures included using eps

Perpendicular-current Studies of Electron Transport Across Metal/Metal Interfaces

We review what we have learned about the scattering of electrons by the interfaces between two different metals (M1/M2) in the current-perpendicular-to-plane (CPP) geometry. In this geometry, the intrinsic quantity is the specific resistance, AR, the product of the area through which the CPP current flows times the CPP resistance. We describe results for both non-magnetic/non-magnetic (N1/N2) and ferromagnetic/non-magnetic (F/N) pairs. We focus especially upon cases where M1/M2 are lattice matched (i.e., have the same crystal structure and the same lattice parameters to within ~ 1%), because in these cases no-free-parameter calculations of 2AR agree surprisingly well with measured values. But we also list and briefly discuss cases where M1/M2 are not lattice matched, either having different crystal structures, or lattice parameters that differ by several percent. The published calculations of 2AR in these latter cases do not agree so well with measured values.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures, 2 tables. In Press: Applied Surface Scienc

Peripheral fillings of relatively hyperbolic groups

A group theoretic version of Dehn surgery is studied. Starting with an arbitrary relatively hyperbolic group $G$ we define a peripheral filling procedure, which produces quotients of $G$ by imitating the effect of the Dehn filling of a complete finite volume hyperbolic 3--manifold $M$ on the fundamental group $\pi_1(M)$. The main result of the paper is an algebraic counterpart of Thurston's hyperbolic Dehn surgery theorem. We also show that peripheral subgroups of $G$ 'almost' have the Congruence Extension Property and the group $G$ is approximated (in an algebraic sense) by its quotients obtained by peripheral fillings. Various applications of these results are discussed.Comment: The difference with the previous version is that Proposition 3.2 is proved for quasi--geodesics instead of geodesics. This allows to simplify the exposition in the last section. To appear in Invent. Mat

A Galactic plane defined by the Milky Way H II region distribution

We develop a framework for a new definition of the Galactic midplane, allowing for tilt theta_tilt; rotation about Galactic azimuth 90°) and roll (theta_roll; rotation about Galactic azimuth 0°) of the midplane with respect to the current definition. Derivation of the tilt and roll angles also determines the solar height above the midplane. Here we use nebulae from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) Catalog of Galactic H ii Regions to define the Galactic high-mass star formation (HMSF) midplane. We analyze various subsamples of the WISE catalog and find that all have Galactic latitude scale heights near 0.°30 and z-distribution scale heights near 30 pc. The vertical distribution for small (presumably young) H ii regions is narrower than that of larger (presumably old) H ii regions (∼25 p versus ∼40 pc ), implying that the larger regions have migrated further from their birth sites. For all H ii region subsamples and for a variety of fitting methodologies, we find that the HMSF midplane is not significantly tilted or rolled with respect to the currently defined midplane, and, therefore, the Sun is near to the HMSF midplane. These results are consistent with other studies of HMSF, but are inconsistent with many stellar studies, perhaps because of asymmetries in the stellar distribution near the Sun. Our results are sensitive to latitude restrictions and also to the completeness of the sample, indicating that similar analyses cannot be done accurately with less complete samples. The midplane framework we develop can be used for any future sample of Galactic objects to redefine the midplane.This work is supported by NSF grant No. AST1516021 to L.D.A. T.M.B. acknowledges support from NSF grant No. AST 1714688. Support for T.V.W. was provided by the NSF through the Grote Reber Fellowship Program administered by Associated Universities, Inc./National Radio Astronomy Observatory. We thank Bob Benjamin for enlightening discussions on early drafts of this manuscript. We thank Virginia Cunningham for help on early analyses for this project. The Green Bank Observatory and the National Radio Astronomy Observatory are facilities of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. (AST 1714688 - NSF; AST1516021 - NSF; NSF)First author draf

Path Integral Description of a Semiclassical Su-Schrieffer-Heeger Model

The electron motion along a chain is described by a continuum version of the Su-Schrieffer-Heeger Hamiltonian in which phonon fields and electronic coordinates are mapped onto the time scale. The path integral formalism allows us to derive the non local source action for the particle interacting with the oscillators bath. The method can be applied for any value of the {\it e-ph} coupling. The path integral dependence on the model parameters has been analysed by computing the partition function and some thermodynamical properties from $T= 1K$ up to room temperature. A peculiar upturn in the low temperature {\it heat capacity over temperature} ratio (pointing to a glassy like behavior) has been ascribed to the time dependent electronic hopping along the chain

Spin Ordering and Quasiparticles in Spin Triplet Superconducting Liquids

Spin ordering and its effect on low energy quasiparticles in a p-wave superconducting liquid are investigated. We show that there is a new 2D p-wave superconducting liquid where the ground state is rotation invariant. In quantum spin disordered liquids, the low energy quasiparticles are bound states of the bare Bogolubov- De Gennes ({\em BdeG}) quasiparticles and zero energy skyrmions, which are charge neutral bosons at the low energy limit. Further more, spin collective excitations are fractionalized ones carrying a half spin and obeying fermionic statistics. In thermally spin disordered limits, the quasi-particles are bound states of bare {\em BdeG} quasi-particles. The latter situation can be realized in some layered p-wave superconductors where the spin-orbit coupling is weak.Comment: 5 pages, no figures; published versio

Stability of dark solitons in a Bose-Einstein condensate trapped in an optical lattice

We investigate the stability of dark solitons (DSs) in an effectively one-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensate in the presence of the magnetic parabolic trap and an optical lattice (OL). The analysis is based on both the full Gross-Pitaevskii equation and its tight-binding approximation counterpart (discrete nonlinear Schr{\"o}dinger equation). We find that DSs are subject to weak instabilities with an onset of instability mainly governed by the period and amplitude of the OL. The instability, if present, sets in at large times and it is characterized by quasi-periodic oscillations of the DS about the minimum of the parabolic trap.Comment: Typo fixed in Eq. (1): cos^2 -> sin^

Simple method for excitation of a Bose-Einstein condensate

An appropriate, time-dependent modification of the trapping potential may be sufficient to create effectively collective excitations in a cold atom Bose-Einstein condensate. The proposed method is complementary to earlier suggestions and should allow the creation of both dark solitons and vortices.Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures, version accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.