TDP-43 régule la dynamique et la fonction des Granules de Stress via G3BP1

Les Granule de Stress (GS) sont des inclusions cytoplasmiques contenant des protéines et des ARNm qui s’assemblent en réponse à l’exposition à un stress. Leur formation fait partie intégrante de la réponse cellulaire au stress et est considérée comme une étape déterminante pour la résistance au stress et la survie cellulaire. Actuellement, les GS sont reliés à divers pathologies allant des infections virales aux maladies neurovégétatives. L’une d’entre elle, la Sclérose Latérale Amyotrophique (SLA) est particulièrement agressive, caractérisée par une perte des neurones moteurs aboutissant à la paralysie et à la mort du patient en cinq ans en moyenne. Les mécanismes de déclenchement de la pathologie restent encore à déterminer. TDP-43 (TAR DNA binding protein 43) et FUS (Fused in liposarcoma) sont deux protéines reliées à la pathologie qui présentent des similarités de structure et de fonction, suggérant un mécanisme commun de toxicité. TDP-43 et FUS sont toutes les deux recrutées au niveau des GS en condition de stress. Nous avons démontré pour la première fois que la fonction des GS est de protéger les ARNm de la dégradation induite par l’exposition au stress. Cette fonction n’était que suspectée jusqu’alors. De plus nous avons mis en évidence que G3BP1 (Ras GTPase-activating protein-binding protein 1) est l’effectrice de cette fonction via son implication dans la dynamique de formation des GS. TDP-43 étant un régulateur de G3BP1, nous prouvons ainsi que la perte de fonction de TDP-43/G3BP1 aboutit à un défaut de réponse au stress aboutissant à une vulnérabilisation cellulaire. Le mécanisme de toxicité emprunter par FUS diffère de celui de TDP-43 et ne semble pas passer par une perte de fonction dans le cadre de la réponse au stress.Stress Granule (SGs) are cytoplasmic inclusions sequestering proteins and mRNAs following a stress exposure. Their assembly is part of the cell stress response and is considered an important step for stress resistance and cell survival. SG are currently linked to different pathogenesis from viral infection to neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).ALS is an aggressive disease, characterized by neuronal death leading to paralysis and death within five years. Pathogenesis mechanisms are still not fully understood. TDP-43 (TAR DNA binding protein 43) and FUS (Fused in liposarcoma) are two proteins linked to the disease that share many structural features and functions suggesting a common toxicity mechanism. TDP-43 and FUS are both recruited to SGs in stress conditions. We demonstrate for the first time that SGs function to protect mRNA from degradation induced after stress exposure, a function that was only suspected until now. We also prove that G3BP1 (Ras GTPase-activating protein-binding protein 1) is the effector of this function via it’s implication in the dynamics of SG formation. As TDP-43 is a regulator of G3BP1, we prove that loss of TDP-43/G3BP1 function leads to a stress response defect yielding increased cellular vulnerability. Furthermore, we have discovered that the mechanism of toxicity for FUS is different from TDP-43, and does not implicate a loss of function mechanism during the cell stress response

How Cholesterol Constrains Glycolipid Conformation for Optimal Recognition of Alzheimer's β Amyloid Peptide (Aβ1-40)

Membrane lipids play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, which is associated with conformational changes, oligomerization and/or aggregation of Alzheimer's β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides. Yet conflicting data have been reported on the respective effect of cholesterol and glycosphingolipids (GSLs) on the supramolecular assembly of Aβ peptides. The aim of the present study was to unravel the molecular mechanisms by which cholesterol modulates the interaction between Aβ1–40 and chemically defined GSLs (GalCer, LacCer, GM1, GM3). Using the Langmuir monolayer technique, we show that Aβ1–40 selectively binds to GSLs containing a 2-OH group in the acyl chain of the ceramide backbone (HFA-GSLs). In contrast, Aβ1–40 did not interact with GSLs containing a nonhydroxylated fatty acid (NFA-GSLs). Cholesterol inhibited the interaction of Aβ1–40 with HFA-GSLs, through dilution of the GSL in the monolayer, but rendered the initially inactive NFA-GSLs competent for Aβ1–40 binding. Both crystallographic data and molecular dynamics simulations suggested that the active conformation of HFA-GSL involves a H-bond network that restricts the orientation of the sugar group of GSLs in a parallel orientation with respect to the membrane. This particular conformation is stabilized by the 2-OH group of the GSL. Correspondingly, the interaction of Aβ1–40 with HFA-GSLs is strongly inhibited by NaF, an efficient competitor of H-bond formation. For NFA-GSLs, this is the OH group of cholesterol that constrains the glycolipid to adopt the active L-shape conformation compatible with sugar-aromatic CH-π stacking interactions involving residue Y10 of Aβ1–40. We conclude that cholesterol can either inhibit or facilitate membrane-Aβ interactions through fine tuning of glycosphingolipid conformation. These data shed some light on the complex molecular interplay between cell surface GSLs, cholesterol and Aβ peptides, and on the influence of this molecular ballet on Aβ-membrane interactions

G3BP1 promotes stress-induced RNA granule interactions to preserve polyadenylated mRNA

G3BP1, a target of TDP-43, is required for normal stress granule (SG) assembly, but the functional consequences of failed SG assembly remain unknown. Here, using both transformed cell lines and primary neurons, we investigated the functional impact of this disruption in SG dynamics. While stress-induced translational repression and recruitment of key SG proteins was undisturbed, depletion of G3BP1 or its upstream regulator TDP-43 disturbed normal interactions between SGs and processing bodies (PBs). This was concomitant with decreased SG size, reduced SG–PB docking, and impaired preservation of polyadenylated mRNA. Reintroduction of G3BP1 alone was sufficient to rescue all of these phenotypes, indicating that G3BP1 is essential for normal SG–PB interactions and SG function

Les granules de stress, des acteurs émergents en cancérologie

International audienceLes stress induits au sein des tumeurs en cours de développement (hypoxie, stress oxydant, etc.) sont connus depuis de nombreuses années. Cependant, l’implication de la réponse au stress dans le processus tumoral est un concept récent. Les granules de stress (GS) sont des structures cytoplasmiques qui se forment à la suite d’une exposition à un stress et qui ont des effets cytoprotecteurs. De nombreuses données sont en faveur de l’implication de ces granules dans l’évolution tumorale et métastatique, mais aussi dans le développement de la chimiorésistance des tumeurs. Nous abordons dans cet article le rôle particulier des granules de stress en cancérologie et, plus spécifiquement, celui des protéines qui contrôlent leur formation

Endogenous TDP-43, but not FUS, contributes to stress granule assembly via G3BP

Abstract Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by the selective loss of upper and lower motor neurons, a cell type that is intrinsically more vulnerable than other cell types to exogenous stress. The interplay between genetic susceptibility and environmental exposures to toxins has long been thought to be relevant to ALS. One cellular mechanism to overcome stress is the formation of small dense cytoplasmic domains called stress granules (SG) which contain translationally arrested mRNAs. TDP-43 (encoded by TARDBP) is an ALS-causative gene that we have previously implicated in the regulation of the core stress granule proteins G3BP and TIA-1. TIA-1 and G3BP localize to SG under nearly all stress conditions and are considered essential to SG formation. Here, we report that TDP-43 is required for proper SG dynamics, especially SG assembly as marked by the secondary aggregation of TIA-1. We also show that SG assembly, but not initiation, requires G3BP. Furthermore, G3BP can rescue defective SG assembly in cells depleted of endogenous TDP-43. We also demonstrate that endogenous TDP-43 and FUS do not have overlapping functions in this cellular process as SG initiation and assembly occur normally in the absence of FUS. Lastly, we observe that SG assembly is a contributing factor in the survival of neuronal-like cells responding to acute oxidative stress. These data raise the possibility that disruptions of normal stress granule dynamics by loss of nuclear TDP-43 function may contribute to neuronal vulnerability in ALS.</p

Les granules de stress, des acteurs émergents en cancérologie

International audienceCancer cells are submitted to numerous stresses during tumor development, such as hypoxia, lack of nutrient, oxidative stress, or mechanical constriction. A complex mechanism termed the integrated stress response (ISR) occurs allowing cell survival. This mechanism leads to the formation of membraneless cytoplasmic structures called stress granules. The hypothesis that these structures play a major role during tumorigenesis has recently emerged. Here, we describe the biological function of stress granules and of proteins that their formation. We also present the current evidences for their involvement in the development of tumors and in the tumor resistance to cancer drugs. Finally, we discuss the interest of targeting stress granule formation to enhance treatment efficiency in order to delay tumor progression.Les stress induits au sein des tumeurs en cours de développement (hypoxie, stress oxydant, etc.) sont connus depuis de nombreuses années. Cependant, l’implication de la réponse au stress dans le processus tumoral est un concept récent. Les granules de stress (GS) sont des structures cytoplasmiques qui se forment à la suite d’une exposition à un stress et qui ont des effets cytoprotecteurs. De nombreuses données sont en faveur de l’implication de ces granules dans l’évolution tumorale et métastatique, mais aussi dans le développement de la chimiorésistance des tumeurs. Nous abordons dans cet article le rôle particulier des granules de stress en cancérologie et, plus spécifiquement, celui des protéines qui contrôlent leur formation

Effects of sodium salts on the interaction between GalCer-HFA and Aβ_1–40.

<p>Monolayers of GalCer-HFA were prepared at an initial surface pressure of 13–15 mN.m⁻¹ on a subphase of pure water (▪), 0.1 M NaCl (○) or 0.1 M NaF (▵). The data show the evolution of the surface pressure following the injection of Aβ_1–40 (1 µM) in the subphase. Each experiment was performed in triplicate and one representative curve is shown.</p

Typical fatty acid composition of the natural glycosphingolipids used in this study^*.

<p>*according to the supplier (Matreya, Pleasant Gap, PA).</p