Code-Switching in the University Level Students of Bangladesh: An Empirical Study

The motto of this research article is to present how Bangladeshi University students use the mixture of both English and Bengali language as their spoken language. It can be said undoubtedly that English is the vast spoken language in the whole world as well as spreading to a large extent. Bangladesh is not different from other countries as well as English has been taught every level an every medium of education here and in recent times it is seen that English is used by the university students when they talk with each other I mean we can see a mixture of two languages. Each language has a social function which no other language could possibly fulfill (Hudson, 1996). Perhaps that is why code switching has become a common phenomenon in our everyday conversations in the recent years in Bangladesh. Young people randomly style switch in their daily interactions. This research paper also explores the possible propelling factors as well as stereotypical patterns behind this scenario. The data collected for the study reveals different factors as the causes behind this practice of code-switching and its impact on language behavior

Self-synchronized converter for fast synchronization between low voltage microgrid and inverter connection

In this research, a fast-synchronization between single-phase microgrid and inverter in low voltage, which is based on virtual synchronous converter (VSCon) technique is been developed. This technique does not require any phase locked loop (PLL) circuit as an external control structure for the synchronization of the inverter. As known, PLL is a common technique in order to synchronize the amplitude, phase-angle and frequency between a microgrid and an inverter in distributed generation network. Previous studies show that, the disadvantage of PLLs is where the non-linear characteristic on the signal process will result the inverter control to be non-linear. Therefore, it is difficult and lengthy process to tune the PLL gains to reach suitable performance in order to synchronize the voltage, phase-angle and frequency between microgrid and inverter. As a result, a VSCon is been developed in which it is a self-synchronized inverter which is based on synchronous generator mathematical model. This controller acts like as synchronous generator operating system in inverter control loop in order to achieve fast voltage, phase and frequency synchronization between inverter-microgrid connection. This technique has been modeled, simulated and tested in Matlab/Simulink software. It is by using a single-phase AC source input system connecting with several load variations during simulation period. This VSCon has been placed in inverter control loop to generate a pulse width modulation (PWM) signal that responds to the grid information for to synchronizing the inverter output voltage with the grid voltage. A single source input at 120V, 50Hz frequency and 240V, 50Hz frequency are used in order to see the self-synchronization response between a microgrid and an inverter. Furthermore, it also been tested when the grid frequency has been changed from the rated frequency at 50Hz to 51Hz and the result shows that, VSCon takes nearly 1-cycle to synchronize to this new frequency value. The grid phase angle test also has been conducted. For this test, the voltage grid which has 100 phase delay has been created in the input voltage source at microgrid side. As a result, the VSCon is also able to achieve self-synchronization with this new sourc

Essays in Workplace Safety Issues in Finance

I examine how firms address workplace safety issues considering their value implication. In my first essay, I investigate the relation between workplace safety and inside debt held by the CEO in form of pension benefits and deferred compensation. To mitigate the endogeneity of CEO inside debt design, I exploit variation generated by the implementation of the Internal Revenue Code Section 409A Final Regulations. Consistent with the long-term orientation hypothesis, I find strong evidence of lower establishment-level work-related injuries and illnesses in firms whose CEOs have higher relative inside debt. I also document that CEOs inside debt holdings are associated with both adopting employee-friendly corporate policy and reducing firms’ risk-taking behavior. The effect of CEO inside debt on workplace safety is more pronounced in firms with high labor union coverage and cash flow volatility and low CEO ownership. The finding has a cost implication for bank financing in the sense that banks charge higher loan spreads to firms with higher workplace injuries and illnesses. In the second essay, I investigate the effect of local religiosity on employee treatment, proxied by workplace safety incidents. Using the establishment-level data compiling on the incidents of work-related injuries, I find that employees of the establishments in more religious counties get less injured than those in less religious counties. I further find that a reduction in occupational accidents is irrelevant for risk-based cross-sectional groups and more evident for establishments in counties dominated by one religious denomination. This analysis mitigates the concerns for a risk-based explanation of religiosity on employee treatment and strengthens my argument on community solidarity and homophiles stemmed from religious networks. Firms whose establishments are located in high religious counties are less likely to violate workplace conduct and more likely to take workplace safety measures. Moreover, firms with more work-related injuries exhibit poorer firm performance. Overall, my findings suggest that local religiosity has a value implication through human capital protection

Domination of European Culture in All Over The World

European colonialism is an extremely controversial affair in world history that is also discussed today. This paper explores the influence of these happenings as the world incorporates the culture of European in every step of life. Europe dominated almost the entire world and its people were leaders in science and technology. European languages, literature, and culture spread all over the globe. Decisions in Europe largely determined global events for centuries. The other continents did not approach European power until after WW1 or WW2. Europe consisted of constantly competing nations, and this competition spurred development. Europe achieved world hegemony in the years after 1500 A.D., primarily due to technological advancements, scientific research, political development of nations with stable succession and continuity, and a culture dominated by Christianity. These advantages were translated into military power, projected all over the world

Performance Evaluation of a Helper Initiated Distributed Cooperative Medium Access Control Protocol for Wireless Networks

Cross layer cooperative protocol which exploits the benefits of physical layer cooperative communication, is one of the widely recognized MAC layer protocol design strategies for future wireless networks. This paper presents performance analysis of a cooperative mac and these performance parameters are compared those of the legacy IEEE 802.11 DCF MAC. Appropriate relay station selection is the main hurdle in designing efficient cooperative MAC protocol for wireless networks.  This cooperative mac demonstrated that intermediate relay nodes themselves can initiate cooperation for relaying data frame to the receiver on behalf of the sender. This procedure makes the selection process of a “helper node” more distributed in nature as well as it contributes to increase throughput of a wireless network by reducing the overheads that are usually incurred in the helper selection process. It has been shown by thorough analytical analysis that the proposed cooperative MAC protocol offers higher throughput and lower frame transmission delay in both ideal and error prone wireless environment. These performance metrics are also evaluated while the wireless nodes are mobile as well

Performance Evaluation of a Helper Initiated Distributed Cooperative Medium Access Control Protocol for Wireless Networks

Cross layer cooperative protocol which exploits the benefits of physical layer cooperative communication, is one of the widely recognized MAC layer protocol design strategies for future wireless networks. This paper presents performance analysis of a cooperative mac and these performance parameters are compared those of the legacy IEEE 802.11 DCF MAC. Appropriate relay station selection is the main hurdle in designing efficient cooperative MAC protocol for wireless networks.  This cooperative mac demonstrated that intermediate relay nodes themselves can initiate cooperation for relaying data frame to the receiver on behalf of the sender. This procedure makes the selection process of a “helper node” more distributed in nature as well as it contributes to increase throughput of a wireless network by reducing the overheads that are usually incurred in the helper selection process. It has been shown by thorough analytical analysis that the proposed cooperative MAC protocol offers higher throughput and lower frame transmission delay in both ideal and error prone wireless environment. These performance metrics are also evaluated while the wireless nodes are mobile as well

Trafficking Women and Children in Bangladesh: A Silent Tsunami of Bangladesh

Trafficking in human beings is abhorrent phenomenon. Bangladesh is a source and transit country for men, women, and children trafficked for the purposes of forced labor and commercial sexual exploitation. The major purpose of this paper is to analyze the present state and process of trafficking, network relations among the traffickers and the causes of trafficking and its impact in a patriarchal social system like Bangladesh. The trafficking has become a major issue of concern and its intensity is growing day by day in Bangladesh. This paper also suggests some suggestions to prevent trafficking as well as to reintegrate the trafficked victims with the main stream of population

The impact of Micro-finance program on the poor: A Comparative study of Grameen Bank, BRAC and ASA in some selected areas in Bangladesh

The Grameen Bank (GB), BRAC and ASA in Bangladesh have developed a successful model of reaching credit to resource poor households that are generally bypassed by Government financial institutions. The article is mainly the comparison of the micro-finance program among the Grameen Bank, BRAC and ASA in Bangladesh. It includes the observations, general overview of micro-finance in Bangladesh. The comparison of the key indicators of microfinance services in Bangladesh. This paper includes some recommendations for the improvement of micro-finance programs in Bangladesh

Rapid premixing fuel-water injector in burner combustion

The alternative fuel is attract good attention from worldwide especially for renewable and prevention energy such as biodiesel. Biodiesel is one of the hydrocarbon fuels and it has potential for external combustion. This research used biodiesel Crude Palm Oil (CPO) as fuels in which have been blend with diesel. Biodiesel Crude Palm Oil base (CPO) is free from sulfur and produced by esterification and trans-esterification reaction of vegetable oil with low molecular weight alcohol, such as ethanol or methanol. Rapid mixing injector uses for external combustion especially open burner system. Therefore, the objectives of this research are to investigate the effects of mixture formation between biodiesel and water on using rapid mixing injector and to analyze the influence of mixture formation on flame propagation and combustion characteristics together with the effect of water content on the gas emissions are analyzed. The disadvantages of CPO are high toxic emissions such as NOX and CO while it can cause the reduction on performance of burner system. However, high toxic emission can be solved by using a new concept injector with fuel-water-air premixing. The additional water in combustion process can be reduced the NOX emissions. The results of this research focuses on the mixture formation of spray, flame and exhaust gas emissions. CPO biodiesel has longer spray length and bigger spray area than diesel, but the spray angle is smaller than diesel. Based on flame image, it shows that the flame color between pure fuels and fuel-water mix fuel is totally difference compare to each other. Water mix with fuel has the brightness color and shorter flame than fuels. The exhausts gaseous tested are CO, CO2, HC and NOX. In this research, water premix of percentage up to 15vol% and blending biodiesel ratio was varied from 5vol% - 15vol%. The result shows that increasing of water content will affected decrement of CO, CO2 and HC emissions but increasing the NOX emissions